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      Comparison of one single-antigen assay and three multi-antigen SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays in Nigeria

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          : Determining an accurate estimate of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence has been challenging in African countries where malaria and other pathogens are endemic. We compared the performance of one single-antigen assay and three multi-antigen SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays in a Nigerian population endemic for malaria.

          Methods

          : De-identified plasma specimens from SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive, dried blood spot (DBS) SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive, and pre-pandemic negatives were used to evaluate the performance of the four SARS-CoV-2 assays (Tetracore, SARS2MBA, RightSign, xMAP).

          Results

          : Results showed higher sensitivity with the multi-antigen (81% (Tetracore), 96% (SARS2MBA), 85% (xMAP)) versus the single-antigen (RightSign (64%)) SARS-CoV-2 assay. The overall specificities were 98% (Tetracore), 100% (SARS2MBA and RightSign), and 99% (xMAP). When stratified based on <15 days to ≥15 days post-RT-PCR confirmation, the sensitivities increased from 75% to 88.2% for Tetracore; from 93% to 100% for the SARS2MBA; from 58% to 73% for RightSign; and from 83% to 88% for xMAP. With DBS, there was no positive increase after 15-28 days for the three assays (Tetracore, SARS2MBA, and xMAP).

          Conclusion

          : Multi-antigen assays performed well in Nigeria, even with samples with known malaria reactivity, and might provide more accurate measures of COVID-19 seroprevalence and vaccine efficacy.

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          Most cited references36

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          Test performance evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 serological assays

          Jeffrey D. Whitman, Joseph B Hiatt, Cody Mowery … (2020)
          Appropriate use and interpretation of serological tests for assessments of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, infection and potential immunity require accurate assay performance data. We conducted a head-to-head evaluation of 10 point-of-care (POC) style lateral flow assays (LFAs) and two laboratory-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies by 5-day time intervals from symptom onset and the specificity of each assay in pre-COVID-2019 specimens. The percent of seropositive individuals increased with time, peaking in the latest time interval tested (>20 days after symptom onset). Test specificity was heterogeneous (ranging from 84.3–100.0%) and was predominantly affected by variability in IgM results. LFA specificity could be increased by considering weak bands as negative, but this decreased detection of antibodies in a subset of SARS-CoV-2 real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-positive cases. Our results indicate the importance of seropositivity threshold determination and reader training for reliable LFA deployment. Informed use of serology will require evaluations covering the full spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infections, from asymptomatic and mild infection to severe disease, and later convalescence. Well-designed studies to elucidate the mechanisms and serological correlates of protective immunity will be crucial to guide rational clinical and public health policies.
          Article 0 comments Cited 160 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            High prevalence of pre-existing serological cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 in sub-Sahara Africa

            For Yue Tso, Salum Lidenge, Phoebe Peña … (2020)
            Highlights • High prevalence of serological cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 in pre-COVID-19 pandemic plasma samples from sub-Sahara Africa. • Pre-COVID-19 pandemic plasma displayed strong reactivity against other human coronaviruses. • Exposure to other coronaviruses may induce cross-reactive antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in sub-Sahara Africa.
            Article 0 comments Cited 117 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Epitope-resolved profiling of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response identifies cross-reactivity with endemic human coronaviruses

              Jason T. Ladner, Sierra Henson, Annalee Boyle … (2021)
              The SARS-CoV-2 proteome shares regions of conservation with endemic human coronaviruses (CoVs), but it remains unknown to what extent these may be cross-recognized by the antibody response. Here, we study cross-reactivity using a highly multiplexed peptide assay (PepSeq) to generate an epitope-resolved view of IgG reactivity across all human CoVs in both COVID-19 convalescent and negative donors. PepSeq resolves epitopes across the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid proteins that are commonly targeted in convalescent donors, including several sites also recognized in some uninfected controls. By comparing patterns of homologous reactivity between CoVs and using targeted antibody-depletion experiments, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 elicits antibodies that cross-recognize pandemic and endemic CoV antigens at two Spike S2 subunit epitopes. We further show that these cross-reactive antibodies preferentially bind endemic homologs. Our findings highlight sites at which the SARS-CoV-2 response appears to be shaped by previous CoV exposures and which have the potential to raise broadly neutralizing responses.
              Article 0 comments Cited 87 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Clin Virol Plus
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Clin Virol Plus
                Title: Journal of Clinical Virology plus
                Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
                ISSN (Electronic): 2667-0380
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 January 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 January 2023
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100139
                Affiliations
                [a ]Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
                [b ]Center for Human Virology and Genomics, Microbiology Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
                [c ]Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Gaduwa, FCT, Nigeria
                [d ]University of Maryland Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity (CIHEB), Maryland Global Initiatives Corporation (MGIC), FCT, Nigeria
                [e ]Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
                [f ]International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria
                [g ]Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2667-0380(23)00006-6 Publisher ID: 100139
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2023.100139
                PMC ID: 9837382
                SO-VID: 9f7cc14f-0cfa-443c-83ac-bfe874809cfa
                Copyright © Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 5 September 2022
                Date revision received : 3 November 2022
                Date accepted : 12 January 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: sars-cov-2,immunoassay,pre-pandemic specimens,sensitivity,specificity,nigeria
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sars-cov-2, immunoassay, pre-pandemic specimens, sensitivity, specificity, nigeria

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