In Vitro Innovation of Tendon Tissue Engineering Strategies

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Abstract

Tendinopathy is the term used to refer to tendon disorders. Spontaneous adult tendon healing results in scar tissue formation and fibrosis with suboptimal biomechanical properties, often resulting in poor and painful mobility. The biomechanical properties of the tissue are negatively affected. Adult tendons have a limited natural healing capacity, and often respond poorly to current treatments that frequently are focused on exercise, drug delivery, and surgical procedures. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify key molecular and cellular processes involved in the progression of tendinopathies to develop effective therapeutic strategies and drive the tissue toward regeneration. To treat tendon diseases and support tendon regeneration, cell-based therapy as well as tissue engineering approaches are considered options, though none can yet be considered conclusive in their reproduction of a safe and successful long-term solution for full microarchitecture and biomechanical tissue recovery. In vitro differentiation techniques are not yet fully validated. This review aims to compare different available tendon in vitro differentiation strategies to clarify the state of art regarding the differentiation process.

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Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.

Kazutoshi Takahashi, Shinya Yamanaka (2006)

Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state by transfer of nuclear contents into oocytes or by fusion with embryonic stem (ES) cells. Little is known about factors that induce this reprogramming. Here, we demonstrate induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic or adult fibroblasts by introducing four factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4, under ES cell culture conditions. Unexpectedly, Nanog was dispensable. These cells, which we designated iPS (induced pluripotent stem) cells, exhibit the morphology and growth properties of ES cells and express ES cell marker genes. Subcutaneous transplantation of iPS cells into nude mice resulted in tumors containing a variety of tissues from all three germ layers. Following injection into blastocysts, iPS cells contributed to mouse embryonic development. These data demonstrate that pluripotent stem cells can be directly generated from fibroblast cultures by the addition of only a few defined factors.

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Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.

Kazutoshi Takahashi, Koji TANABE, Mari Ohnuki … (2007)

Successful reprogramming of differentiated human somatic cells into a pluripotent state would allow creation of patient- and disease-specific stem cells. We previously reported generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, capable of germline transmission, from mouse somatic cells by transduction of four defined transcription factors. Here, we demonstrate the generation of iPS cells from adult human dermal fibroblasts with the same four factors: Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. Human iPS cells were similar to human embryonic stem (ES) cells in morphology, proliferation, surface antigens, gene expression, epigenetic status of pluripotent cell-specific genes, and telomerase activity. Furthermore, these cells could differentiate into cell types of the three germ layers in vitro and in teratomas. These findings demonstrate that iPS cells can be generated from adult human fibroblasts.

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Electrospinning and Electrospun Nanofibers: Methods, Materials, and Applications

Jiajia Xue, Tong Wu, Yunqian Dai … (2019)

Electrospinning is a versatile and viable technique for generating ultrathin fibers. Remarkable progress has been made with regard to the development of electrospinning methods and engineering of electrospun nanofibers to suit or enable various applications. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of electrospinning, including the principle, methods, materials, and applications. We begin with a brief introduction to the early history of electrospinning, followed by discussion of its principle and typical apparatus. We then discuss its renaissance over the past two decades as a powerful technology for the production of nanofibers with diversified compositions, structures, and properties. Afterward, we discuss the applications of electrospun nanofibers, including their use as “smart” mats, filtration membranes, catalytic supports, energy harvesting/conversion/storage components, and photonic and electronic devices, as well as biomedical scaffolds. We highlight the most relevant and recent advances related to the applications of electrospun nanofibers by focusing on the most representative examples. We also offer perspectives on the challenges, opportunities, and new directions for future development. At the end, we discuss approaches to the scale-up production of electrospun nanofibers and briefly discuss various types of commercial products based on electrospun nanofibers that have found widespread use in our everyday life.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms

Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067

Publication date (Electronic): 14 September 2020

Publication date Collection: September 2020

Volume: 21

Issue: 18

Electronic Location Identifier: 6726

Affiliations

[1 ]Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; vrusso@ 123456unite.it (V.R.); amauro@ 123456unite.it (A.M.); melkhatib@ 123456unite.it (M.E.K.); mdimattia@ 123456unite.it (M.D.M.); bbarboni@ 123456unite.it (B.B.)

[2 ]Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; mciardulli@ 123456unisa.it (M.C.C.); gdellaporta@ 123456unisa.it (G.D.P.); n.maffulli@ 123456qmul.ac.uk (N.M.)

[3 ]Interdepartment Centre BIONAM, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo I, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy

[4 ]Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy; DGalesso@ 123456fidiapharma.it (D.G.); CBarbera@ 123456fidiapharma.it (C.B.)

[5 ]Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK; n.r.forsyth@ 123456keele.ac.uk

[6 ]Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy

[7 ]Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK

[8 ]School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent ST5 5BG, UK

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: mrciteroni@ 123456unite.it ; Tel.: +39-(347)-940-0970

[†]

These authors contributed equally to this review.

Author information

Valentina Russo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-2534

Giovanna Della Porta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1426-0159

Annunziata Mauro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3907-0244

Mohammad El Khatib https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0976-2522

Miriam Di Mattia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-1064

Devis Galesso https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1193-8067

Nicholas R. Forsyth https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5156-4824

Nicola Maffulli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5327-3702

Barbara Barboni https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0231-8066

Article

Publisher ID: ijms-21-06726

DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186726

PMC ID: 7555358

PubMed ID: 32937830

SO-VID: 9f652ec1-21cc-4607-ab14-d965ecc2ae9b

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

In Vitro Innovation of Tendon Tissue Engineering Strategies

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Most cited references 447

Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.

Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.

Electrospinning and Electrospun Nanofibers: Methods, Materials, and Applications

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