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      Las enfermedades relacionadas con el asbesto en América Latina: una mirada desde la Antropología Médica Crítica Translated title: Asbestos-related diseases in Latin America: A Critical Medical Anthropology perspective

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          Abstract

          Resumen Las enfermedades relacionadas con el asbesto (ERA) ocasionan alrededor de 255,000 muertes al año en el mundo; sin embargo, no han despertado el interés de la antropología médica latinoamericana, pese a que en esta región se dio la mayor productividad mundial de asbesto en la década de 1980. A partir de la revisión documental de producción científica, literatura gris y otros recursos, este artículo busca elucidar el potencial de las aportaciones teóricas de la Antropología Médica Crítica para el estudio de cómo se viven y se atienden estas enfermedades en la región, desde tres dimensiones de análisis: a) las ERA como producto del sistema capitalista, b) las dificultades en el acceso a atención y pensión de los afectados, c) la lucha como una forma de agenciamiento de los afectados. Desde esta mirada crítica, que subraya la importancia del abordaje dialéctico entre las relaciones de dominación y resistencia, el artículo abona a la reconstrucción del estado del arte y una historización del problema en la región.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Asbestos-related diseases (ARD) cause around 255,000 deaths a year worldwide; however, this problem has not aroused much interest in Latin American medical anthropology, despite the fact that the highest global productivity of asbestos took place in this region during the 1980s. Based on a documentary review of scientific production, gray literature, and other resources, the aim of this article is to elucidate the potential of the theoretical contributions of Critical Medical Anthropology for the research on how the people affected experience and deal with these illnesses in this region, from three dimensions of analysis: a) ARD as a product of the capitalist system, b ) the difficulties in access to health care and pensions for those affected, c) the struggle as a form of agency for those affected. The critical perspective that underlines the importance of the dialectical approach between relations of domination and resistance contributes to the reconstruction of the state of the art and a historicization of the problem in the region.

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          Theory in Anthropology since the Sixties

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            A critical analysis of the Brazilian response to HIV/AIDS: lessons learned for controlling and mitigating the epidemic in developing countries.

            The Brazilian National AIDS Program is widely recognized as the leading example of an integrated HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment program in a developing country. We critically analyze the Brazilian experience, distinguishing those elements that are unique to Brazil from the programmatic and policy decisions that can aid the development of similar programs in other low- and middle-income and developing countries.Among the critical issues that are discussed are human rights and solidarity, the interface of politics and public health, sexuality and culture, the integration of prevention and treatment, the transition from an epidemic rooted among men who have sex with men to one that increasingly affects women, and special prevention and treatment programs for injection drug users.
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              Global Asbestos Disaster

              Introduction: Asbestos has been used for thousands of years but only at a large industrial scale for about 100–150 years. The first identified disease was asbestosis, a type of incurable pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos dust and fibres. The latest estimate of global number of asbestosis deaths from the Global Burden of Disease estimate 2016 is 3495. Asbestos-caused cancer was identified in the late 1930’s but despite today’s overwhelming evidence of the strong carcinogenicity of all asbestos types, including chrysotile, it is still widely used globally. Various estimates have been made over time including those of World Health Organization and International Labour Organization: 107,000–112,000 deaths. Present estimates are much higher. Objective: This article summarizes the special edition of this Journal related to asbestos and key aspects of the past and present of the asbestos problem globally. The objective is to collect and provide the latest evidence of the magnitude of asbestos-related diseases and to provide the present best data for revitalizing the International Labor Organization/World Health Organization Joint Program on Asbestos-related Diseases. Methods: Documentation on asbestos-related diseases, their recognition, reporting, compensation and prevention efforts were examined, in particular from the regulatory and prevention point of view. Estimated global numbers of incidence and mortality of asbestos-related diseases were examined. Results: Asbestos causes an estimated 255,000 deaths (243,223–260,029) annually according to latest knowledge, of which work-related exposures are responsible for 233,000 deaths (222,322–242,802). In the European Union, United States of America and in other high income economies (World Health Organization regional classification) the direct costs for sickness, early retirement and death, including production losses, have been estimated to be very high; in the Western European countries and European Union, and equivalent of 0.70% of the Gross Domestic Product or 114 × 109 United States Dollars. Intangible costs could be much higher. When applying the Value of Statistical Life of 4 million EUR per cancer death used by the European Commission, we arrived at 410 × 109 United States Dollars loss related to occupational cancer and 340 × 109 related to asbestos exposure at work, while the human suffering and loss of life is impossible to quantify. The numbers and costs are increasing practically in every country and region in the world. Asbestos has been banned in 55 countries but is used widely today; some 2,030,000 tons consumed annually according to the latest available consumption data. Every 20 tons of asbestos produced and consumed kills a person somewhere in the world. Buying 1 kg of asbestos powder, e.g., in Asia, costs 0.38 United States Dollars, and 20 tons would cost in such retail market 7600 United States Dollars. Conclusions: Present efforts to eliminate this man-made problem, in fact an epidemiological disaster, and preventing exposures leading to it are insufficient in most countries in the world. Applying programs and policies, such as those for the elimination of all kind of asbestos use—that is banning of new asbestos use and tight control and management of existing structures containing asbestos—need revision and resources. The International Labor Organization/World Health Organization Joint Program for the Elimination of Asbestos-Related Diseases needs to be revitalized. Exposure limits do not protect properly against cancer but for asbestos removal and equivalent exposure elimination work, we propose a limit value of 1000 fibres/m3.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                remua
                Revista del Museo de Antropología
                Rev. Mus. Antropol.
                Museo de Antropología; Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Córdoba, , Argentina )
                1852-060X
                1852-4826
                2023
                : 16
                : 2
                : 217-228
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameConsejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías orgdiv1Proyectos Nacionales Estratégicos, Agentes Tóxicos y Procesos Contaminantes orgdiv2Investigadora asociada Mexico rcortezgomez@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1852-48262023000200217 S1852-4826(23)01600200217
                10.31048/1852.4826.v16.n2.41000
                9f5f5531-eede-47e8-b282-fb06a90d1d00

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 April 2023
                : 26 May 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Antropologia social

                Asbesto,Antropología Médica Crítica,Social struggle,Access to health care,Asbestos-related diseases,Asbestos,Enfermedades relacionadas con el asbesto,Acceso a salud,Luchas sociales,Critical Medical Anthropology

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