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      Aerobic exercise increases hippocampal volume in older women with probable mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month randomised controlled trial.

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          Abstract

          Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a well-recognised risk factor for dementia and represents a vital opportunity for intervening. Exercise is a promising strategy for combating cognitive decline by improving brain structure and function. Specifically, aerobic training (AT) improved spatial memory and hippocampal volume in healthy community-dwelling older adults. In older women with probable MCI, we previously demonstrated that resistance training (RT) and AT improved memory. In this secondary analysis, we investigated: (1) the effect of RT and AT on hippocampal volume and (2) the association between change in hippocampal volume and change in memory.

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          Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging.

          Stanley J. Colcombe, Arthur Kramer, Kirk I Erickson … (2004)
          Cardiovascular fitness is thought to offset declines in cognitive performance, but little is known about the cortical mechanisms that underlie these changes in humans. Research using animal models shows that aerobic training increases cortical capillary supplies, the number of synaptic connections, and the development of new neurons. The end result is a brain that is more efficient, plastic, and adaptive, which translates into better performance in aging animals. Here, in two separate experiments, we demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge, in humans that increases in cardiovascular fitness results in increased functioning of key aspects of the attentional network of the brain during a cognitively challenging task. Specifically, highly fit (Study 1) or aerobically trained (Study 2) persons show greater task-related activity in regions of the prefrontal and parietal cortices that are involved in spatial selection and inhibitory functioning, when compared with low-fit (Study 1) or nonaerobic control (Study 2) participants. Additionally, in both studies there exist groupwise differences in activation of the anterior cingulate cortex, which is thought to monitor for conflict in the attentional system, and signal the need for adaptation in the attentional network. These data suggest that increased cardiovascular fitness can affect improvements in the plasticity of the aging human brain, and may serve to reduce both biological and cognitive senescence in humans.
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            The development of a comorbidity index with physical function as the outcome.

            Dianne Groll, Teresa To, Claire Bombardier … (2005)
            Physical function is an important measure of success of many medical and surgical interventions. Ability to adjust for comorbid disease is essential in health services research and epidemiologic studies. Current indices have primarily been developed with mortality as the outcome, and are not sensitive enough when the outcome is physical function. The objective of this study was to develop a self-administered Functional Comorbidity Index with physical function as the outcome. The index was developed using two databases: a cross-sectional, simple random sample of 9,423 Canadian adults and a sample of 28,349 US adults seeking treatment for spine ailments. The primary outcome measure was the SF-36 physical function (PF) subscale. The Functional Comorbidity Index, an 18-item list of diagnoses, showed stronger association with physical function (model R(2) = 0.29) compared with the Charlson (model R(2) = 0.18), and Kaplan-Feinstein (model R(2) = 0.07) indices. The Functional Comorbidity Index correctly classified patients into high and low function, in 77% of cases. This new index contains diagnoses such as arthritis not found on indices used to predict mortality, and the FCI explained more variance in PF scores compared to indices designed to predict mortality.
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              Resistance training and executive functions: a 12-month randomized controlled trial.

              Teresa Liu-Ambrose, Lindsay S. Nagamatsu, Peter Graf … (2010)
              Cognitive decline among seniors is a pressing health care issue. Specific exercise training may combat cognitive decline. We compared the effect of once-weekly and twice-weekly resistance training with that of twice-weekly balance and tone exercise training on the performance of executive cognitive functions in senior women. In this single-blinded randomized trial, 155 community-dwelling women aged 65 to 75 years living in Vancouver were randomly allocated to once-weekly (n = 54) or twice-weekly (n = 52) resistance training or twice-weekly balance and tone training (control group) (n = 49). The primary outcome measure was performance on the Stroop test, an executive cognitive test of selective attention and conflict resolution. Secondary outcomes of executive cognitive functions included set shifting as measured by the Trail Making Tests (parts A and B) and working memory as assessed by verbal digit span forward and backward tests. Gait speed, muscular function, and whole-brain volume were also secondary outcome measures. Both resistance training groups significantly improved their performance on the Stroop test compared with those in the balance and tone group (P < or = .03). Task performance improved by 12.6% and 10.9% in the once-weekly and twice-weekly resistance training groups, respectively; it deteriorated by 0.5% in the balance and tone group. Enhanced selective attention and conflict resolution was significantly associated with increased gait speed. Both resistance training groups demonstrated reductions in whole-brain volume compared with the balance and tone group at the end of the study (P < or = .03). Twelve months of once-weekly or twice-weekly resistance training benefited the executive cognitive function of selective attention and conflict resolution among senior women. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00426881.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Br J Sports Med
                Title: British journal of sports medicine
                ISSN (Electronic): 1473-0480
                ISSN (Print): 0306-3674
                Publication date (Electronic): Feb 2015
                Volume: 49
                Issue: 4
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
                [2 ] Department of Physical Therapy, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
                [3 ] Department of Psychology, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
                [4 ] Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
                [5 ] Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
                [6 ] Department of Physical Therapy, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: bjsports-2013-093184 Mid ID: CAMS4891
                DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093184
                PubMed ID: 24711660
                SO-VID: 9ec81803-0d75-4e3c-bccf-53f6cf3d1051
                Copyright © Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
                History

                Keywords: Aerobic fitness/Vo2 Max,Aging,Cardiovascular,Exercise,Gender issues
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Aerobic fitness/Vo2 Max, Aging, Cardiovascular, Exercise, Gender issues

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