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      Integrative medicine and health in undergraduate and postgraduate medical education Translated title: Integrative Medizin und Gesundheit in ärztlicher Aus- und Weiterbildung

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          Abstract

          Background and objective: Integrative Medicine and Health (IMH) is a theory-based paradigm shift for health, disease and health care, which can probably only be achieved by supplementing medical roles and competences.

          Definition of IMH: The definitions of the Academic Consortium for Integrative Medicine and Health 2015 and the so-called Berlin Agreement: Self-Responsibility and Social Action in Practicing and Fostering Integrative Medicine and Health Globally are used. The basic features of evidence-based Integrative Medicine and Health (EB-IMH) are based on the recommendations on EBM by David L. Sackett.

          Global State of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Medical Education (UG-PGME) for IMH: The USA and Canada are most advanced in the development of IMH regarding practice, teaching and research worldwide. Despite socio-cultural peculiarities, they can provide guidance for Europe and especially for Germany. Of interest here are competences for UG-PGME in IMH in primary care and in some specialist disciplines (e.g. internal medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, geriatrics, oncology, palliative care). For these specialties, the need for an interprofessional UG-PGME for IMH was shown in the early stages of development.

          UG-PGME for IMH in Germany: In the course of the development of the new Medical Licensure Act in Germany (ÄApprO), based on a revision of the National Competence-based Catalogue of Learning Objectives for Medicine (NKLM 2.0) and new regulations for Postgraduate Medical Education in Germany, suggestions for an extension of UG-PGME are particularly topical. To some extent there are already approaches to IMH. Old and new regulations are set out and are partly compared. As a result, some essential elements of IMH are mapped in the new ÄApprO. The new regulations for Postgraduate Medical Education do not mention IMH.

          Conclusion: The development of medical competences for IMH in the continuum of the UG-PGME could be supported by the coordinated introduction of appropriate entrustable professional activities (EPA) and IMH sub-competences combined with appropriate assessment.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund und Zielsetzung: Die Integrative Medizin und Gesundheit (IMG) ist ein theoriegeleiteter Paradigmenwechsel für Gesundheit, Krankheit und Gesundheitswesen, der vermutlich nur durch eine Ergänzung ärztlicher Rollen und Kompetenzen geleistet werden kann.

          Definition von IMG: Es wird die Definition des „Academic Consortium for Integrative Medicine and Health 2015“ und die sogenannte „Berliner Vereinbarung für Eigenverantwortung und Handlungen der Gesellschaft für eine globale Praxis und Förderung der IMG“ verwendet. Die Grundzüge dieser evidenz-basierten Integrativen Medizin und Gesundheit (EB-IMG) orientieren sich an den Empfehlungen zur EBM von David L. Sackett.

          Globaler Stand der ärztlichen Aus- und Weiterbildung (AuWB) für IMG: Die USA und Canada sind in der Entwicklung der IMG für Praxis, Lehre und Forschung weltweit am weitesten fortgeschritten. Trotz sozio-kultureller Besonderheiten können sie Orientierungshilfen für Europa und speziell für Deutschland bieten. Von Interesse sind hierbei insbesondere Kompetenzen für eine AuWB in IMG in der Primärversorgung und in einigen Spezialdisziplinen (z. B. Innere Medizin, Gynäkologie, Pädiatrie, Geriatrie, Onkologie, Palliativmedizin). In diesen hat sich früh der Bedarf einer interprofessionellen AuWB gezeigt.

          AuWB für IMG in Deutschland: Im Zuge der Entwicklung einer neuen ärztlichen Approbationsordnung (ÄAppO), einer dieser zugrunde liegenden Weiterentwicklung des Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkatalogs (NKLM 2.0) und einer neu verabschiedeten (Muster)-Weiterbildungsordnung in Deutschland sind Überlegungen für eine Erweiterung der ärztlichen Aus- und Weiterbildung (AuWB) besonders aktuell. Teilweise gibt es schon Ansätze dafür. Alte und neue Ordnungen werden dargelegt und zum Teil verglichen. Im Ergebnis werden in der neuen ÄAppO wesentliche Elemente der IMG abgebildet. In der Novelle der (Muster-)Weiterbildungsordnung ist die IMG nicht berücksichtigt.

          Schlussfolgerung: Für die Entwicklung der ärztlichen Kompetenzen für IMG im Kontinuum der AuWB könnte die abgestimmte Einführung entsprechender Anvertraubarer Professioneller Tätigkeiten (APT), IMG-Teilkompetenzen und angemessener Prüfungen geeignet sein.

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          Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't

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              Towards a ‘patient-centred’ operationalisation of the new dynamic concept of health: a mixed methods study

              Objective To evaluate among stakeholders the support for the new, dynamic concept of health, as published in 2011: ‘Health as the ability to adapt and to self-manage’, and to elaborate perceived indicators of health in order to make the concept measurable. Design A mixed methods study: a qualitative first step with interviews and focus groups, followed by a quantitative survey. Participants Representatives of seven healthcare stakeholder domains, for example, healthcare providers, patients with a chronic condition and policymakers. The qualitative study involved 140 stakeholders; the survey 1938 participants. Results The new concept was appreciated, as it addresses people as more than their illness and focuses on strengths rather than weaknesses. Caution is needed as the concept requires substantial personal input of which not everyone is capable. The qualitative study identified 556 health indicators, categorised into six dimensions: bodily functions, mental functions and perception, spiritual/existential dimension, quality of life, social and societal participation, and daily functioning, with 32 underlying aspects. The quantitative study showed all stakeholder groups considering bodily functions to represent health, whereas for other dimensions there were significant differences between groups. Patients considered all six dimensions almost equally important, thus preferring a broad concept of health, whereas physicians assessed health more narrowly and biomedically. In the qualitative study, 78% of respondents considered their health indicators to represent the concept. Conclusions To prevent confusion with health as ‘absence of disease’, we propose the use of the term ‘positive health’ for the broad perception of health with six dimensions, as preferred by patients. This broad perception deserves attention by healthcare providers as it may support shared decision-making in medical practice. For policymakers, the broad perception of ‘positive health’ is valuable as it bridges the gap between healthcare and the social domain, and by that it may demedicalise societal problems.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS Journal for Medical Education
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2366-5017
                15 February 2021
                2021
                : 38
                : 2
                : Doc46
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Medicine 1, Erlangen, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Eckhart Georg Hahn, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Medicine 1, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany, Phone: +49 (0)171/5482616, E-mail: eckhart.hahn@ 123456uk-erlangen.de
                Article
                zma001442 Doc46 urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0014424
                10.3205/zma001442
                7958908
                33763531
                9eba99f1-1052-48cd-9d88-f64ac40e7d1b
                Copyright © 2021 Hahn

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 23 June 2020
                : 19 October 2020
                : 09 October 2020
                Categories
                Article

                undergraduate medical education,postgraduate medical education,integrative medicine and health,evidence-based medicine,evidence-based healthcare,medical roles,medical competences,national competence-based catalogue of learning objectives for germany (nklm 2.0),medical licensure act in germany (äappro)

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