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      Análisis comparativo de índices de caries dentales a partir de muestras de sitios arqueológicos del Holoceno tardío de la República Argentina

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          Abstract

          El análisis de las caries dentales en muestras bioarqueológicas permite estudiar la proporción de carbohidratos que tuvo la dieta de dichas poblaciones. La revisión de las investigaciones de este tipo realizadas en Argentina permite indicar que hay dos maneras de analizar y presentar los resultados, en función del número total de individuos y/o del total de piezas dentales por muestra. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un análisis de la distribución de las caries dentales en cuatro muestras bioarqueológicas del Holoceno tardío de distintas regiones de Argentina empleando estas dos maneras de procesas los datos, definidas aquí como índices, con el fin de comparar, interpretar y discutir los resultados obtenidos. Para ello, se relevaron las caries presentes y se calcularon los índices en función del número de individuos (IA) y del total de piezas dentales (IB) por muestra. Se realizaron gráficos de caja y una prueba de χ2 a para evaluar la existencia de diferencias en la distribución de los valores de caries utilizando ambos índices. Finalmente se realizaron correlaciones entre los índices y los datos provenientes de estudios isotópicos de 13C y 15N. Se pudo observar que no existen diferencias significativas en los valores de caries entre los distintos grupos cuando se considera el IA y el IB, sino que por el contrario las tendencias son las mismas. Asimismo, ambos índices se asocian con la variación de 13C, y la variación del IA se asocia con los valores de 15N. Se resalta la importancia de utilizar ambos índices complementariamente ya que estos proveen distinto tipo de información y se recomienda también que en las investigaciones se expongan los datos que permitan calcularlos para que los datos generados sean comparativos.

          Translated abstract

          The prevalence of dental caries on bioarchaeological samples enables the study of the proportion of carbohydrates in the diet of past populations. A review of previous researches in Argentina shows two ways of analyzing and presenting the results, either in relation to the number of individuals, and/or regarding the number of teeth in the sample. The aim of this work is to analyze the distribution of dental caries in four Late Holocene archaeological samples from different regions of Argentina using both indexes, in order to compare, interpret, and discuss the results obtained. To this end, caries were registered and indexes were calculated on the basis of the number of individuals (IA) and the total tooth count (IB) per sample. Boxplots and a χ2 test were performed to evaluate the existence of differences in the distribution of caries values using both indexes. Finally, correlations between the indexes, and 13C and 15N isotope data were calculated. The results show that there are no significant differences on dental caries values among the different groups studied when considering both IA and IB; conversely, the trends are similar. Moreover, both indexes are associated with 13C variation, and the variation of IA is correlated with 15N values. We conclude that both indexes should be used complementarily due to the different kind of information they provide, and we encourage future researchers to report caries prevalence using both indexes in order to make their results comparative.

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          Explaining sex differences in dental caries prevalence: saliva, hormones, and "life-history" etiologies.

          When dental caries rates are reported by sex, females are typically found to exhibit higher prevalence rates than males. This finding is generally true for diverse cultures with different subsistence systems and for a wide range of chronological periods. Exceptions exist, but are not common. In this paper, we present new data for sex differences in dental caries rates among the Guanches (Tenerife, Canary Islands), summarize results of meta-analyses of dental caries prevalence, and emphasize new research that stresses the critical role of female hormones and life-history events in the etiology of dental caries. Among the Guanches, corrected tooth-count caries rates for females (8.8%, 158/1,790) are approximately twice the frequency of caries among males (4.5%, 68/1,498). Higher caries prevalence among females is often explained by one of three factors: 1) earlier eruption of teeth in girls, hence longer exposure of girls' teeth to the cariogenic oral environment, 2) easier access to food supplies by women and frequent snacking during food preparation, and 3) pregnancy. Anthropologists tend to favor explanations involving behavior, including sexual division of labor and women's domestic role in food production. By contrast, the causal pathways through which pregnancy contributes to poorer oral health and higher caries rates are deemphasized or discounted. This paper presents recent research on physiological changes associated with fluctuating hormone levels during individual life histories, and the impact these changes have on the oral health of women. The biochemical composition of saliva and overall saliva flow rate are modified in several important ways by hormonal fluctuations during events such as puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy, making the oral environment significantly more cariogenic for women than for men. These results suggest that hormonal fluctuations can have a dramatic effect on the oral health of women, and constitute an important causal factor in explaining sex differences in caries rates.
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            Dental Anthropology

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              Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases.

              Oral health is related to diet in many ways, for example, nutritional influences on craniofacial development, oral cancer and oral infectious diseases. Dental diseases impact considerably on self-esteem and quality of life and are expensive to treat. The objective of this paper is to review the evidence for an association between nutrition, diet and dental diseases and to present dietary recommendations for their prevention. Nutrition affects the teeth during development and malnutrition may exacerbate periodontal and oral infectious diseases. However, the most significant effect of nutrition on teeth is the local action of diet in the mouth on the development of dental caries and enamel erosion. Dental erosion is increasing and is associated with dietary acids, a major source of which is soft drinks. Despite improved trends in levels of dental caries in developed countries, dental caries remains prevalent and is increasing in some developing countries undergoing nutrition transition. There is convincing evidence, collectively from human intervention studies, epidemiological studies, animal studies and experimental studies, for an association between the amount and frequency of free sugars intake and dental caries. Although other fermentable carbohydrates may not be totally blameless, epidemiological studies show that consumption of starchy staple foods and fresh fruit are associated with low levels of dental caries. Fluoride reduces caries risk but has not eliminated dental caries and many countries do not have adequate exposure to fluoride. It is important that countries with a low intake of free sugars do not increase intake, as the available evidence shows that when free sugars consumption is <15-20 kg/yr ( approximately 6-10% energy intake), dental caries is low. For countries with high consumption levels it is recommended that national health authorities and decision-makers formulate country-specific and community-specific goals for reducing the amount of free sugars aiming towards the recommended maximum of no more than 10% of energy intake. In addition, the frequency of consumption of foods containing free sugars should be limited to a maximum of 4 times per day. It is the responsibility of national authorities to ensure implementation of feasible fluoride programmes for their country.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                raab
                Revista argentina de antropología biológica
                Rev Arg Antrop Biol
                Asociación de Antropología Biológica Argentina (La Plata, Buenoa Aires, Argentina )
                1514-7991
                December 2017
                : 19
                : 2
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameCONICET
                [03] orgnameBanco Nacional de Datos Genéticos (BNDG)
                [04] Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires orgnameInstituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano (INAPL) Argentina
                [02] La Plata orgnameMuseo de La Plata orgdiv1Departamento de Arqueología Argentina
                Article
                S1514-79912017000200003 S1514-7991(17)01900200003
                10.17139/raab.2017.0019.02.03
                9eaa7dc0-4118-48e2-8a05-d3a830fa6c22

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 February 2016
                : 21 December 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 111, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Trabajos originales

                Late Holocene,Argentina,Índice de caries,Isótopos 13C,Isótopos 15N,Holoceno tardío,Caries index,13C isotopes,15N isotopes

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