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      Secondary amyloidosis in a patient carrying mutations in the familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 syndrome (TRAPS) genes

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          Abstract

          Secondary amyloidosis (AA) is characterized by the extracellular tissue deposition of fibrils composed of fragments of an acute-phase reactant protein, serum amyloid A (SAA), due to chronic inflammatory diseases, infections and several neoplasms. AA amyloidosis may also complicate several hereditary diseases, where genetic factors play a pivotal role in the expression of amyloidosis. Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 syndrome (TRAPS) are the most frequently involved. We describe a case of a 21-year-old Romanian woman who presented at the 35th week of gestation with acute abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. The laboratory workup performed after delivery showed proteinuria in the nephrotic range and increased SAA protein. Kidney amyloid deposits were detected and genetic testing for secondary amyloidosis was performed identifying two mutations, one involving the gene of FMF (MEFV), and the other involving the tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 gene (TNFRSF1A). To our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature where secondary amyloidosis develops in a patient carrying mutations involving the genes of both FMF and TRAPS.

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          Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) in Turkey: results of a nationwide multicenter study.

          Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive disease that is prevalent among eastern Mediterranean populations, mainly non-Ashkenazi Jews, Armenians, Turks, and Arabs. Since a large proportion of all the FMF patients in the world live in Turkey, the Turkish FMF Study Group (FMF-TR) was founded to develop a patient registry database and analyze demographic, clinical, and genetic features. The cohort was composed of 2838 patients (mean age, 23.0 +/- 13.33 yr; range, 2-87 yr), with a male:female ratio of 1.2:1. There was a mean period of 6.9 +/- 7.65 years from disease onset to diagnosis; the period was about 2 years shorter for each decade since 1981. Ninety-four percent of patients were living in the central-western parts of the country; however, their familial origins (70% from the central-eastern and Black Sea regions) reflected not only the ongoing east to west migration, but also the historical roots of FMF in Turkey. Patients' clinical features included peritonitis (93.7%), fever (92.5%), arthritis (47.4%), pleuritis (31.2%), myalgia (39.6%), and erysipelas-like erythema (20.9%). Arthritis, arthralgia, myalgia, and erysipelas-like erythema were significantly more frequent (p < 0.001) among patients with disease onset before the age of 18 years. Genetic analysis of 1090 patients revealed that M694V was the most frequent mutation (51.4%), followed by M680I (14.4%) and V726A (8.6%). Patients with the M694V/M694V genotype were found to have an earlier age of onset and higher frequencies of arthritis and arthralgia compared with the other groups (both p < 0.001). In contrast to other reported studies, there was no correlation between amyloidosis and M694V homozygosity in this cohort. However, amyloidosis was still remarkably frequent in our patients (12.9%), and it was prevalent (27.8%) even among the 18 patients with a disease onset after age 40 years. Twenty-two patients (0.8%) had nonamyloid glomerular diseases. The high prevalence of vasculitides (0.9% for polyarteritis nodosa and 2.7% for Henoch-Schonlein purpura) and high frequency of pericarditis (1.4%) were striking findings in the cohort. Phenotype II cases (those patients with amyloidosis as the presenting or only manifestation of disease) were rare (0.3% or less). There was a high rate of a past diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever, which suggested a possible misdiagnosis in children with FMF presenting with recurrent arthritis. To our knowledge, this is the largest series of patients with FMF reported from 1 country. We describe the features of the disease in the Turkish population and show that amyloidosis is still a substantial problem.
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            Clinical disease among patients heterozygous for familial Mediterranean fever.

            To define the molecular basis of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) in patients with only 1 mutation in the MEFV gene. Genetic analysis was performed in 20 FMF patients, including full sequencing of complementary DNA (cDNA) samples and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis. In patients with first-degree relatives with FMF, haplotype analysis was also performed. A second mutation was found in 2 patients. In the other 18 patients, we could not identify additional mutations, large genomic deletions, or duplications. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms along the cDNA ruled out a lack of expression of 1 of the alleles. In 2 of the 3 families in which more than 1 sibling had FMF, we showed that the affected siblings inherited a different MEFV allele from the parent who did not have the MEFV mutation. These findings are highly consistent with the existence of a clinical phenotype among some patients who are heterozygous for FMF and could explain the vertical transmission in some families. A single mutation in the MEFV gene may be much more common than was previously thought and may include up to 25% of patients who are diagnosed as having FMF.
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              The enlarging clinical, genetic, and population spectrum of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome.

              To characterize the frequency, clinical signs, and genotypic features of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) in a series of 394 patients of various ethnic origins who have recurrent inflammatory syndromes. Sequencing of the coding region of the TNFRSF1A gene was performed in 128 patients in whom there was a high suspicion of TRAPS, and denatured high-performance liquid chromatography was used to systematically screen for TNFRSF1A in 266 patients with recurrent inflammatory syndrome and no or only 1 Mediterranean fever gene (MEFV) mutation. TNFRSF1A mutations were found in 28 (7.1%) of 394 unrelated patients. Nine (32%) of the 28 patients had a family history of recurrent inflammatory syndromes. In 13 patients, the length of the attack of inflammation was fewer than 5 days. Three of the mutations (Y20H, L67P, and C96Y) were novel. Two mutations, R92Q and (mainly) P46L, found in 12 and 10 patients, respectively, had lower penetrance compared with other mutations. TNFRSF1A mutations were found in patients of various ethnic origins, including those at risk for familial Mediterranean fever (FMF): Armenians, Sephardic Jews, and especially Arabs from Maghreb. Only 3 (10.7%) of the 28 patients had amyloidosis. TRAPS is an underdiagnosed cause of recurrent inflammatory syndrome. Its presence in the population of persons of Mediterranean ancestry and the short duration of the attacks of inflammation can lead to a fallacious diagnosis of FMF. Because an accurate diagnosis in patients with recurrent inflammatory syndromes is crucial for proper clinical management and treatment, genetic screening for TNFRSF1A is warranted.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Clin Kidney J
                Clin Kidney J
                ckj
                ndtplus
                Clinical Kidney Journal
                Oxford University Press
                2048-8505
                2048-8513
                December 2013
                24 September 2013
                24 September 2013
                : 6
                : 6
                : 613-617
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, San Giovanni Di Dio Hospital , Agrigento, Italy
                [2 ]Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA
                [3 ]Department of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital , Vicenza, Italy
                [4 ]International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV) , Vicenza, Italy
                [5 ]Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Santa Marta e Santa Venera , Acireale, Catania, Italy
                Author notes
                Correspondence and offprint requests to: Dinna N. Cruz; E-mail: dinnacruzmd@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                sft112
                10.1093/ckj/sft112
                3842151
                24286006
                9cc1f485-d025-462f-af8f-f5babe9405ab
                © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                : 18 June 2013
                : 19 August 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 5
                Categories
                Original Contributions
                Exceptional Cases

                Nephrology
                familial mediterranean fever,secondary amyloidosis,traps syndrome
                Nephrology
                familial mediterranean fever, secondary amyloidosis, traps syndrome

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