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      Immature Stages of the Neotropical Butterfly, Dynamine agacles agacles

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          Abstract

          The external morphology of the immature stages of Dynamine agacles agacles (Dalman, 1823) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) is described, including photos, drawings, and scanning electron micrographs. Data on the adult and larval behavior are given based on observations in the host plant Dalechampia triphylla Lam. (Malpighiales : Euphorbiaceae). The results are compared and discussed with other described species of Biblidinae, allowing to make further observations on the natural history and evolution of Dynamine.

          Resumo

          A morfologia externa dos imaturos de Dynamine agacles agacles (Dalman, 1823) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) é descrita, incluindo fotos, desenhos e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Dados sobre o comportamento de adultos e larvas são fornecidos com base em observações na planta hospedeira Dalechampia triphylla Lam. (Malpighiales : Euphorbiaceae). Os resultados são comparados e discutidos com outras espécies descritas de Biblidinae, permitindo fazer novas observações sobre a história natural e evolução de Dynamine.

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          Phylogeny of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera).

          André Victor Lucci Freitas, Keith S. Brown, Ted Schultz (2004)
          A generic-level phylogeny for the butterfly family Nymphalidae was produced by cladistic analysis of 234 characters from all life stages. The 95 species in the matrix (selected from the 213 studied) represent all important recognized lineages within this family. The analysis showed the taxa grouping into six main lineages. The basal branch is the Libytheinae, with the Danainae and Ithomiinae on the next branch. The remaining lineages are grouped into two main branches: the Heliconiinae-Nymphalinae, primarily flower-visitors (but including the fruit-attracted Coeini); and the Limenitidinae (sensu strictu), Biblidinae, and the satyroid lineage (Apaturinae, Charaxinae, Biinae, Calinaginae, Morphinae, Brassolinae, and Satyrinae), primarily fruit-attracted. Data partitions showed that the two data sets (immatures and adults) are very different, and a partitioned Bremer support analysis showed that the adult characters are the main source of conflict in the nodes of the combined analysis tree. This phylogeny includes the widest taxon coverage of any morphological study on Nymphalid butterflies to date, and supports the monophyly and relationships of most presently recognized subgroups, providing strong evidence for the presently accepted phylogenetic scheme.
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            The Lepidoptera: Form, Function, and Diversity

            M. SCOBLE, M.J. Scoble, M.J. SCOBLE … (1992)
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              Hostplants and classification: a review of nymphalid butterflies

              P. ACKERY (1988)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Insect Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Insect Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): insc
                Title: Journal of Insect Science
                Publisher: University of Wisconsin Library
                ISSN (Electronic): 1536-2442
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 March 2012
                Volume: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 37
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Departamento de Zoologia; Setor de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Paraná; C. P.: 19020; 81531980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
                [ 2 ]Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas; C. P.: 6109; 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                [*] [ * ]Corresponding author

                Editor: Carla Penz was Editor of this paper.

                Article
                DOI: 10.1673/031.012.3701
                PMC ID: 3471802
                PubMed ID: 22943467
                SO-VID: 9c8b946a-af42-4cf1-aed2-d465922d1083
                Copyright © © 2012
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 4 May 2011
                Date accepted : 19 July 2011
                Page count
                Pages: 12
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Entomology
                Keywords: bionomy,life cycle,papilionoidea,chaetotaxy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Entomology
                Keywords: bionomy, life cycle, papilionoidea, chaetotaxy

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