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      Stimuli-responsive nanobubbles for biomedical applications

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          Abstract

          This review presents an overview of the recent advances in the development of stimuli-responsive nanobubbles and their novel biomedical applications including bio-imaging, drug delivery and ablation of tumor tissues.

          Abstract

          Stimuli-responsive nanobubbles have received increased attention for their application in spatial and temporal resolution of diagnostic techniques and therapies, particularly in multiple imaging methods, and they thus have significant potential for applications in the field of biomedicine. This review presents an overview of the recent advances in the development of stimuli-responsive nanobubbles and their novel applications. Properties of both internal- and external-stimuli responsive nanobubbles are highlighted and discussed considering the potential features required for biomedical applications. Furthermore, the methods used for synthesis and characterization of nanobubbles are outlined. Finally, novel biomedical applications are proposed alongside the advantages and shortcomings inherent to stimuli-responsive nanobubbles.

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          Most cited references253

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          Solar illumination of broadly absorbing metal or carbon nanoparticles dispersed in a liquid produces vapor without the requirement of heating the fluid volume. When particles are dispersed in water at ambient temperature, energy is directed primarily to vaporization of water into steam, with a much smaller fraction resulting in heating of the fluid. Sunlight-illuminated particles can also drive H(2)O-ethanol distillation, yielding fractions significantly richer in ethanol content than simple thermal distillation. These phenomena can also enable important compact solar applications such as sterilization of waste and surgical instruments in resource-poor locations.
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              Understanding ultrasound induced sonoporation: definitions and underlying mechanisms.

              In the past two decades, research has underlined the potential of ultrasound and microbubbles to enhance drug delivery. However, there is less consensus on the biophysical and biological mechanisms leading to this enhanced delivery. Sonoporation, i.e. the formation of temporary pores in the cell membrane, as well as enhanced endocytosis is reported. Because of the variety of ultrasound settings used and corresponding microbubble behavior, a clear overview is missing. Therefore, in this review, the mechanisms contributing to sonoporation are categorized according to three ultrasound settings: i) low intensity ultrasound leading to stable cavitation of microbubbles, ii) high intensity ultrasound leading to inertial cavitation with microbubble collapse, and iii) ultrasound application in the absence of microbubbles. Using low intensity ultrasound, the endocytotic uptake of several drugs could be stimulated, while short but intense ultrasound pulses can be applied to induce pore formation and the direct cytoplasmic uptake of drugs. Ultrasound intensities may be adapted to create pore sizes correlating with drug size. Small molecules are able to diffuse passively through small pores created by low intensity ultrasound treatment. However, delivery of larger drugs such as nanoparticles and gene complexes, will require higher ultrasound intensities in order to allow direct cytoplasmic entry. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                CSRVBR
                Chemical Society Reviews
                Chem. Soc. Rev.
                Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                0306-0012
                1460-4744
                May 11 2021
                2021
                : 50
                : 9
                : 5746-5776
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent)
                [2 ]College of Chemical Engineering
                [3 ]Nanjing Forestry University (NFU)
                [4 ]Nanjing 210037
                [5 ]P. R. China
                [6 ]Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation
                [7 ]University of Science and Technology of China
                [8 ]Hefei 230022
                [9 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering
                [10 ]Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy
                [11 ]Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
                [12 ]Ghent University
                [13 ]9000 Ghent
                [14 ]Belgium
                Article
                10.1039/C9CS00839J
                33972972
                9bee4506-45f4-4f25-8473-9567acd92e01
                © 2021

                http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use

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