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      Ion accumulation in young plants of the ‘green dwarf’ coconut under water and salt stress Translated title: Acúmulo de íons em plantas jovens de coqueiro “anão verde” sob estresses hídrico e salino

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Water scarcity and salinity are two major limitations on agricultural production. The aim of this study was to investigate the biochemical mechanisms associated with the separate and/or concurrent effects of water deficit and soil salinity on young plants of the ‘green dwarf’ coconut from the responses of ion accumulation (potassium, sodium and chloride) in the leaves and roots. The experiment was carried out in a screened greenhouse in Fortaleza, in the State of Ceará, Brazil. A randomised complete block statistical design was used in a scheme of treatments in subdivided plots, to evaluate the effects of different levels of water deficiency (plots) using different percentages for the replacement of water lost through potential crop evapotranspiration (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%), associated with sub-plots comprising increasing levels of soil salinity (1.72, 6.25 , 25.80 and 40.70 dS m-1) found in soils collected in the Morada Nova Irrigated Perimeter (Morada Nova/Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará). Under conditions of water scarcity, K+ is maintained and/or accumulated in the leaves; while in the roots, levels are jointly affected by water deficiency and soil salinity, where these stress agents act in an antagonistic way on the K+ content. Conditions of salt stress lead to increases in the levels of Na+ both in the leaves and especially in the roots. The Cl- ion content of the leaves and roots responds to the interaction between water deficiency and salinity, demonstrating synergy in the relationship between stress agents. The accumulation of inorganic solutes in the leaves and roots of the coconut follows the order: Cl- > K+ > Na+.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO A escassez de água e a salinidade são duas limitações importantes para a produção agrícola. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, investigar os mecanismos bioquímicos associados às ações isoladas e/ou simultâneas do déficit hídrico e da salinidade do solo, em plantas jovens de coqueiro “anão verde”, através das respostas dos acúmulos de íons (potássio, sódio e cloreto), em folhas e em raízes. No experimento, conduzido em casa de vegetação, do tipo telado, em Fortaleza, Ceará, avaliaram-se, sob delineamento estatístico de blocos completos casualizados, no delineamento de tratamentos de parcelas subdivididas, os efeitos de diferentes níveis de deficiência hídrica (parcelas), mediante a imposição de distintos percentuais de reposições das perdas de água por evapotranspiração potencial da cultura (20; 40; 60; 80 e 100%), associados às subparcelas, constituídas pelos crescentes níveis de salinidade do solo (1,72; 6,25; 25,80 e 40,70 dS m-1), proporcionados pelos solos coletados no Perímetro Irrigado Morada Nova (Morada Nova/ Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará). Sob condições de insuficiência de água, ocorre manutenção e/ou acúmulo de K+ nas folhas, ao passo que, nas raízes, os teores são mutuamente afetados pela deficiência hídrica e pela salinidade do solo, onde esses agentes estressores atuam de forma antagônica, sob os teores de K+. As condições de estresse salino provocam aumentos nos teores de Na+, tanto nas folhas como nas raízes, especialmente, nas raízes. Os teores foliares e radiculares do íon Cl- respondem à interação entre a deficiência hídrica e a salinidade, denotando-se a existência de sinergismo na associação entre os agentes estressores. O acúmulo de solutos inorgânicos foliares e radiculares, nas plantas de coqueiro, obedece à ordem: Cl- > K+ > Na+.

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          Most cited references25

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          Sodium (Na+) homeostasis and salt tolerance of plants

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            Integrated metabolomics for abiotic stress responses in plants.

            Plants are considered to biosynthesize specialized (traditionally called secondary) metabolites to adapt to environmental stresses such as biotic and abiotic stresses. The majority of specialized metabolites induced by abiotic stress characteristically exhibit antioxidative activity in vitro, but their function in vivo is largely yet to be experimentally confirmed. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the identification of the role of abiotic stress-responsive specialized metabolites with an emphasis on flavonoids. Integrated 'omics' analysis, centered on metabolomics with a series of plant resources differing in their flavonoid accumulation, showed experimentally that flavonoids play a major role in antioxidation in vivo. In addition, the results also suggest the role of flavonoids in the vacuole. To obtain more in-depth insights, chemical and biological challenges need to be addressed for the identification of unknown specialized metabolites and their in vivo functions.
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              Ecophysiology of coconut palm under water stress

              Coconut palm is of great social and economic importance for millions of people in the tropics and subtropics. Drought is one of the main environmental factors that limit coconut productivity. In this review, physiological and morphological data are presented in an integrated perspective to provide a holistic view of the behavior of coconut trees facing water deficit under both field and controlled conditions. Great capacity to produce homorhizic roots capable of searching continuously for water and nutrients and high protoplasmic tolerance in leaves allows the coconut tree to endure water deficit. High membrane stability, osmoprotection, osmoregulation and enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes are characteristics often found in leaves of drought-stressed coconut trees. Information on leaf gas exchange, leaf water potential, water-use efficiency and stomatal behavior was compiled highlighting the differences among cultivars and hybrids under water stress. Genotypic differences in physiological and morphological traits can largely explain the agronomic performance of field-grown coconut trees under drought conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rca
                Revista Ciência Agronômica
                Rev. Ciênc. Agron.
                Universidade Federal do Ceará (Fortaleza, CE, Brazil )
                0045-6888
                1806-6690
                June 2018
                : 49
                : 2
                : 249-258
                Affiliations
                [5] Mossoró Rio Grande do Norte orgnameUniversidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido orgdiv1Centro de Ciências Agrárias orgdiv2Departamento de Ciências Ambientais e Tecnológicas Brazil eltoncmarques@ 123456gmail.com
                [3] Fortaleza Ceará orgnameUniversidade Federal do Ceará orgdiv1Centro de Ciências Agrárias orgdiv2Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola Brazil mbezerra@ 123456ufc.br
                [4] Imperatriz MA orgnameUniversidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão orgdiv1Centro de Ciências Agrárias Brasil rafaelmyranda@ 123456hotmail.com
                [2] Iguatu Ceará orgnameInstituto Federal de Educação Ciências e Tecnologia do Ceará orgdiv1Departamento de Ensino Brazil alexandre.reuber@ 123456ifce.edu.br
                Article
                S1806-66902018000200249
                10.5935/1806-6690.20180028
                9b838c9c-8e04-4679-ad94-5ed0554ffb6f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 July 2017
                : 17 April 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Cocos nucifera L.,Multiple stress,Inorganic solutes,Estresses múltiplos,Solutos inorgânicos

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