Molecular Assay on Detection of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Virus in Ixodid Ticks Collected from Livestock in Slaughterhouse from South of Iran

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Abstract

Background:

Ticks are vectors of a wide variety of pathogens that can be transmitted to humans, and tick-borne diseases are a significant public health issue worldwide. The present study was carried out on the hard tick infestation of livestock transported to Rafsanjan slaughter house in the southeast of Iran.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was carried out biweekly from April to September 2016 to determine tick infestation of the meat-producing animals. All the livestock included in our study were thoroughly inspected for the presence of hard ticks on different parts of their bodies.

Results:

A total of 258 hard ticks were collected from the body of livestock hosts. The ticks that were sampled were classified into two genera and five species: Hyalomma marginatum, Hy. anatolicum, Hy. asiaticum, Hy. dromedarii, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Hyalomma dromedarii was the most abundant species in the study area. More than 50 percent of the sampled ticks were collected from the body of camels brought to the slaughter house however molecular analysis showed no Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus infection in tick specimens. The Sex ratio of the sampled hard ticks shows that female tick infestation was more common among the study livestock.

Conclusion:

Due to the crucial role of hard ticks in the transmission of different pathogens to humans, additional investigations are necessary to determine the risk of consumption of infested meat-producing animals in the study area.

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Most cited references 29

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

Chris A. Whitehouse (2004)

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease caused by the arbovirus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which is a member of the Nairovirus genus (family Bunyaviridae). CCHF was first recognized during a large outbreak among agricultural workers in the mid-1940s in the Crimean peninsula. The disease now occurs sporadically throughout much of Africa, Asia, and Europe and results in an approximately 30% fatality rate. After a short incubation period, CCHF is characterized by a sudden onset of high fever, chills, severe headache, dizziness, back, and abdominal pains. Additional symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, neuropsychiatric, and cardiovascular changes. In severe cases, hemorrhagic manifestations, ranging from petechiae to large areas of ecchymosis, develop. Numerous genera of ixodid ticks serve both as vector and reservoir for CCHFV; however, ticks in the genus Hyalomma are particularly important to the ecology of this virus. In fact, occurrence of CCHF closely approximates the known world distribution of Hyalomma spp. ticks. Therefore, exposure to these ticks represents a major risk factor for contracting disease; however, other important risk factors are known and are discussed in this review. In recent years, major advances in the molecular detection of CCHFV, particularly the use of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in clinical and tick samples have allowed for both rapid diagnosis of disease and molecular epidemiology studies. Treatment options for CCHF are limited. Immunotherapy and ribavirin have been tried with varying degrees of success during sporadic outbreaks of disease, but no case-controlled trials have been conducted. Consequently, there is currently no antiviral treatment for CCHF approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, renewed interested in CCHFV, as well as increased knowledge of its basic biology, may lead to improved therapies in the future. This article reviews the history, epidemiology, ecology, clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of CCHF. In addition, recent advances in the molecular biology of CCHFV are presented, and issues related to its possible use as a bioterrorism agent are discussed.

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The genus Hyalomma: VII. Redescription of all parasitic stages of H. (Euhyalomma) dromedarii and H. (E.) schulzei (Acari: Ixodidae).

Dmitry Apanaskevich, Anthony Schuster, Ivan Horak (2008)

The ticks, Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) dromedarii Koch, 1844 and Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) schulzei Olenev, 1931, are considered to be the species most closely associated with camels. H. dromedarii can behave as a three-, two-, or one-host species, with the two-host life cycle seemingly most common. Camels are the main hosts of the adults, which also parasitize other domestic animals. Nymphs and larvae can use the same hosts, especially camels, as the adults, but can also parasitize rodents, leporids, hedgehogs, and birds. H. dromedarii is widely distributed in North Africa, the northern regions of West, Central, and East Africa, Arabia, Asia Minor, the Middle East, and Central and South Asia. H. schulzei is a two-host species. Camels are the principal hosts of the adults, with some records from cattle and goats, whereas the immature stages infest hares, burrowing rodents, and hedgehogs. H. schulzei has a more limited geographic distribution in Asia and Egypt than H. dromedarii, and with the exception of southeastern Iran, it is a fairly uncommon tick. Among other features that are fairly similar, males of H. dromedarii can be distinguished from those of H. schulzei by a narrow, subtriangular parma, usually very large subanal shields, and a long dorsal prolongation of the spiracular plates. Males of H. schulzei have a broad and rectangular parma, paramedian festoons that protrude posteriorly, smaller subanal shields, and a very short dorsal prolongation of the spiracular plates. The females of H. dromedarii can be distinguished from those of H. schulzei by a narrow V-shaped genital aperture compared with a very wide, deep, U-shaped genital aperture. Here all the parasitic stages of both species are illustrated and redescribed, and characteristics that distinguish the adults from those of other closely related species are supplied. Data on their hosts, geographic distribution and disease relationships are also provided.

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Primary report on distribution of tick fauna in Iran.

Sadegh Rahbari, Sedighe Nabian, Parviz Shayan (2007)

A tick survey was carried out in four different geographical areas of Iran, where the majority of the domestic ruminants in Iran exist. About 1,500 sheep, 1,200 goats and 500 cattle of 12 herds in different provinces lying in the corresponding zones were inspected for tick infestation. The occurrence of ticks on cattle, sheep and goats were 62, 55 and 57%, respectively, with no differences between the zones. The mean number of ticks on each animal was low (10-20 ticks per animal). Ixodid ticks were found throughout the year, whereas the soft tick Ornithodoros sp., which occurred in mountainous area with a significant difference in abundance, showed a clear pattern of seasonality, being generally present from November to March. The largest numbers of adult ixodid ticks were generally present from April to August. Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis and Dermacentor ticks occurred in the mountainous area, whereas Boophilus and Ixodes ticks were only present in the Caspian region. Hyalomma were very abundant in each zone but especially in the mountainous area, whereas Ixodes ticks were the minor genus.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Arthropod Borne Dis

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Arthropod Borne Dis

Journal ID (publisher-id): JAD

Journal ID (pmc): JAD

Title: Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases

Publisher: Tehran University of Medical Sciences

ISSN (Print): 2322-1984

ISSN (Electronic): 2322-2271

Publication date Collection: September 2020

Publication date (Electronic): 30 September 2020

Volume: 14

Issue: 3

Pages: 286-292

Affiliations

[1 ]Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerrging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran

[2 ]Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Ref Lab), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran

[3 ]Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[4 ]Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[5 ]Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

[6 ]Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

[7 ]Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

[8 ]Department of Health Services and Health Promotion, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

Author notes

[* ] Corresponding author: Dr Yaser Salim Abadi, E-mail: yasernls@ 123456gmail.com

Article

Publisher ID: JAD-14-286

DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i3.4562

PMC ID: 7903356

PubMed ID: 33644242

SO-VID: 976214da-4372-4d72-a993-a4a7cf872a4a

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 08 September 2020

Date accepted : 29 September 2020

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Molecular Assay on Detection of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Virus in Ixodid Ticks Collected from Livestock in Slaughterhouse from South of Iran

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Abstract

Background:

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Results:

Conclusion:

Related collections

IET: COVID-19 related research

Most cited references 29

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

The genus Hyalomma: VII. Redescription of all parasitic stages of H. (Euhyalomma) dromedarii and H. (E.) schulzei (Acari: Ixodidae).

Primary report on distribution of tick fauna in Iran.

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