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      Cáncer cutáneo por exposición ocupacional a agentes químicos Translated title: Cutaneous cancer occupational exposure to chemical agents

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          Abstract

          El cáncer cutáneo profesional integra un grupo de neoplasias malignas atribuibles a la exposición a factores cancerígenos en el medio laboral. Presenta dificultades en el diagnóstico debido a su etiología multifactorial, existencia de diferentes desencadenantes durante la vida laboral y no laboral, largos periodos de latencia y una clínica semejante a las no profesionales. Actualmente existen diferencias entre las sustancias químicas identificadas en el listado de enfermedades profesionales como cancerígenos cutáneos y las que señala la evidencia científica. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática para actualizar el conocimiento existente entre la exposición a agentes químicos y el cáncer cutáneo en el medio laboral. Se utilizaron once bases de datos, estableciendo como límites: humanos y fecha publicación desde 1-1-2006 hasta 12-12-2012. Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión/exclusión se analizaron finalmente 16 artículos, predominando el diseño epidemiológico de cohorte. El nivel de evidencia de la asociación entre exposición a determinados agentes químicos y el cáncer de piel de origen laboral que determinaron los estudios revisados fue de 2+, no existiendo controversia en la dirección de esta asociación, siendo los agentes causales más referenciados los plaguicidas con OR entre 1.7 IC 95% (1.1-2.5) y 2.4 IC 95% (1.2-4.9) y derivados del petróleo con RR de 1,99 IC 95% (1.00-3.96). En algunos artículos se analizó la exposición simultánea a un conjunto de agentes químicos sin definir una sustancia concreta. No se pudieron identificar factores de vulnerabilidad ni factores de especial sensibilidad ya que no se estudiaron, al igual que ningún factor protector. En varios se incluye población ya jubilada, destacando la importancia del seguimiento post-ocupacional debido a los largos periodos de latencia en determinados cánceres.

          Translated abstract

          Occupational skin (cutaneous) cancer integrates a group of malignant neoplasms attributable to the exposure to carcinogenic factors in the workplace. It presents difficulties in diagnosis because of its multifactorial etiology, existence of different trigger during the work and non-work life, long latency periods and similarity to that of a non professional clinic. Currently there are differences between the chemicals identified in the list of occupational diseases as skin carcinogens and those that scientific evidence points at. A systematic review has been conducted to update the existing knowledge between the exposure to chemicals agents and the cutaneous cancer in the workplace. Eleven databases were used, establishing the following limits: not animals and publication date from 1-1-2006 to 12-12-2012. After applying the inclusion / exclusion criteria finally 16 articles were analyzed, epidemiological cohort study predominated. The level of evidence of the association between exposure to certain chemicals and skin cancer of occupational origin that determine the studies reviewed was 2 +, without any controversy about the direction of this association, being the most referenced causative agents pesticides OR with 95% CI between 1.7 (1.1-2.5) and 2.4 (95% CI 1.2-4.9) and with oil products RR of 1.99 (95% CI 1.00-3.96). In some articles the simultaneous exposure to an array of chemical agents without defining any specific substance was analyzed. No special sensitive factors or vulnerability factors were identified as they were not studied, as any protector factor. Several people already retired are included, highlighting the importance of post-occupational monitoring due to the long latency periods in certain cancers.

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          Nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States: incidence.

          Because death from nonmelanoma skin cancer is uncommon, quantification of its morbidity is particularly important. Although its incidence is increasing rapidly, the most recent nationwide estimates are 16 years old. The purpose of this study was to estimate the 1994 nonmelanoma skin cancer incidence in the United States. We updated the 16-year-old incidence estimates to reflect the growth and changing age distribution of the population and the increases in age-adjusted incidence rates documented in two population-based studies. The projected 1994 incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States is 900,000 to 1,200,000 cases, similar in magnitude to the overall incidence of noncutaneous cancers. Nonmelanoma skin cancer imposes an enormous public health burden on the U.S. population. Quantification of its morbidity and its prevention are important priorities.
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            Dying for work: The magnitude of US mortality from selected causes of death associated with occupation.

            Deaths due to occupational disease and injury place a heavy burden on society in terms of economic costs and human suffering. We estimate the annual deaths due to selected diseases for which an occupational association is reasonably well established and quantifiable, by calculation of attributable fractions (AFs), with full documentation; the deaths due to occupational injury are then added to derive an estimated number of annual deaths due to occupation. Using 1997 US mortality data, the estimated annual burden of occupational disease mortality resulting from selected respiratory diseases, cancers, cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, and hepatitis is 49,000, with a range from 26,000 to 72,000. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates there are about 6,200 work-related injury deaths annually. Adding disease and injury data, we estimate that there are a total of 55,200 US deaths annually resulting from occupational disease or injury (range 32,200-78,200). Our estimate is in the range reported by previous investigators, although we have restricted ourselves more than others to only those diseases with well-established occupational etiology, biasing our estimates conservatively. The underlying assumptions and data used to generate the estimates are well documented, so our estimates may be updated as new data emerges on occupational risks and exposed populations, providing an advantage over previous studies. We estimate that occupational deaths are the 8th leading cause of death in the US, after diabetes (64,751) but ahead of suicide (30,575), and greater than the annual number of motor vehicle deaths per year (43,501). Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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              Occupational exposure to organochlorine insecticides and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study.

              Organochlorine (OC) insecticides have been regulated as possible human carcinogens primarily on the basis of animal studies. However, the epidemiologic evidence is inconsistent. We investigated the relationship between cancer incidence and OC insecticide use among pesticide applicators enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of 57,311 licensed applicators in Iowa and North Carolina enrolled between 1993 and 1997. Information on ever use of 7 OC insecticides (aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane, toxaphene) was collected from a self-administered questionnaire at enrollment. Lifetime exposure-days to OC insecticides were calculated using additional data from a take-home questionnaire completed by 25,291 participants (44% of total). We found no clear evidence of an association between use of OC insecticides and incident cancers (N = 1,150) ascertained through December, 2002. When we focused on individual insecticides and structurally similar groups (aldrin and dieldrin; chlordane and heptachlor), significantly increased relative risks of some cancers were observed for use of some chemicals (rectal cancer and chlordane, lung cancer and dieldrin, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and lindane, melanoma and toxaphene, leukemia and chlordane/heptachlor). Some significant decreased relative risks were also observed (colon cancer and aldrin; overall cancer and heptachlor). In conclusion, we did not observe any clear relationship between cancer risk and the use of OC insecticides. Our chemical-specific findings are based on small numbers and multiple comparisons, and should be interpreted with caution; however, some observed associations (lindane and NHL, chlordane/heptachlor and leukemia) are supported by previous evidence.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                mesetra
                Medicina y Seguridad del Trabajo
                Med. segur. trab.
                Escuela Nacional de Medicina del Trabajo. Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0465-546X
                1989-7790
                June 2014
                : 60
                : 235
                : 420-433
                Affiliations
                [02] Ourense orgnameComplejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Ourense orgdiv1Unidad de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales España
                [04] orgnameUnidad Docente de Medicina del Trabajo de la Comunidad Autónoma de Galicia España
                [01] Santiago de Compostela orgnameComplejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela orgdiv1Unidad de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales España
                [05] Madrid orgnameUnidad Docente de Medicina del Trabajo de la Comunidad de Madrid España
                [03] Vigo orgnameComplejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo orgdiv1Unidad de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales España
                Article
                S0465-546X2014000200013
                10.4321/S0465-546X2014000200013
                975f49fc-4a72-490e-9238-2db59abed710

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 February 2014
                : 23 January 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 42, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Cáncer de piel (cutáneo),exposición laboral,salud laboral,enfermedad laboral y químico,Skin (cutaneous) cancer,occupational exposure,occupational health,occupational diseases and chemical

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