Causes of venous thrombosis

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Abstract

Venous thrombosis which mainly manifests as deep vein thrombosis of the leg or pulmonary embolism occurs in 1 per 1000 per year. It occurs due to interacting genetic, environmental and behavioral risk factors. The strongest risk factors are certain types of surgery and malignancies. Over the last decade many new risk factors for venous thrombosis have been identified. Venous thrombosis has a high recurrence rate, of around 5 % per year. Whereas clinically it would be most important to identify patients at risk of recurrence, only male sex and a previous unprovoked thrombosis are established determinants of recurrent thrombosis.

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Most cited references 27

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Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study.

I A Naess, S C Christiansen, P Romundstad … (2007)

Estimates of the incidence of venous thrombosis (VT) vary, and data on mortality are limited. We estimated the incidence and mortality of a first VT event in a general population. From the residents of Nord-Trøndelag county in Norway aged 20 years and older (n = 94 194), we identified all cases with an objectively verified diagnosis of VT that occurred between 1995 and 2001. Patients and diagnosis characteristics were retrieved from medical records. Seven hundred and forty patients were identified with a first diagnosis of VT during 516,405 person-years of follow-up. The incidence rate for all first VT events was 1.43 per 1000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33-1.54], that for deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) was 0.93 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 0.85-1.02), and that for pulmonary embolism (PE) was 0.50 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 0.44-0.56). The incidence rates increased exponentially with age, and were slightly higher in women than in men. The 30-day case-fatality rate was higher in patients with PE than in those with DVT [9.7% vs. 4.6%, risk ratio 2.1 (95% CI: 1.2-3.7)]; it was also higher in patients with cancer than in patients without cancer [19.1% vs. 3.6%, risk ratio 3.8 (95% CI 1.6-9.2)]. The risk of dying was highest in the first months subsequent to the VT, after which it gradually approached the mortality rate in the general population. This study provides estimates of incidence and mortality of a first VT event in the general population.

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Thrombosis: a major contributor to the global disease burden.

G.E. Raskob, P. Angchaisuksiri, A.N. Blanco … (2014)

Thrombosis is a common pathology underlying ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and venous thromboembolism (VTE). The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2010 documented that ischemic heart disease and stroke collectively caused one in four deaths worldwide. GBD 2010 did not report data for VTE as a cause of death and disability. We performed a systematic review of the literature on the global disease burden caused by VTE in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries. Studies from western Europe, North America, Australia and southern Latin America (Argentina) yielded consistent results, with annual incidence rates ranging from 0.75 to 2.69 per 1000 individuals in the population. The incidence increased to between 2 and 7 per 1000 among those aged ≥ 70 years. Although the incidence is lower in individuals of Chinese and Korean ethnicity, their disease burden is not low, because of population aging. VTE associated with hospitalization was the leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost in low-income and middle-income countries, and the second most common cause in high-income countries, being responsible for more DALYs lost than nosocomial pneumonia, catheter-related bloodstream infections, and adverse drug events. VTE causes a major burden of disease across low-income, middle-income and high-income countries. More detailed data on the global burden of VTE should be obtained to inform policy and resource allocation in health systems, and to evaluate whether improved utilization of preventive measures will reduce the burden.

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The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study

A van Hylckama Vlieg, F Helmerhorst, J Vandenbroucke … (2009)

Objective To assess the thrombotic risk associated with oral contraceptive use with a focus on dose of oestrogen and type of progestogen of oral contraceptives available in the Netherlands. Design Population based case-control study. Setting Six participating anticoagulation clinics in the Netherlands (Amersfoort, Amsterdam, The Hague, Leiden, Rotterdam, and Utrecht). Participants Premenopausal women <50 years old who were not pregnant, not within four weeks postpartum, and not using a hormone excreting intrauterine device or depot contraceptive. Analysis included 1524 patients and 1760 controls. Main outcome measures First objectively diagnosed episodes of deep venous thrombosis of the leg or pulmonary embolism. Odds ratios calculated by cross-tabulation with a 95% confidence interval according to Woolf’s method; adjusted odds ratios estimated by unconditional logistic regression, standard errors derived from the model. Results Currently available oral contraceptives increased the risk of venous thrombosis fivefold compared with non-use (odds ratio 5.0, 95% CI 4.2 to 5.8). The risk clearly differed by type of progestogen and dose of oestrogen. The use of oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel was associated with an almost fourfold increased risk of venous thrombosis (odds ratio 3.6, 2.9 to 4.6) relative to non-users, whereas the risk of venous thrombosis compared with non-use was increased 5.6-fold for gestodene (5.6, 3.7 to 8.4), 7.3-fold for desogestrel (7.3, 5.3 to 10.0), 6.8-fold for cyproterone acetate (6.8, 4.7 to 10.0), and 6.3-fold for drospirenone (6.3, 2.9 to 13.7). The risk of venous thrombosis was positively associated with oestrogen dose. We confirmed a high risk of venous thrombosis during the first months of oral contraceptive use irrespective of the type of oral contraceptives. Conclusions Currently available oral contraceptives still have a major impact on thrombosis occurrence and many women do not use the safest brands with regard to risk of venous thrombosis.

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F. R. Rosendaal: +31 71 5264037 , f.r.rosendaal@lumc.nl

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Journal ID (nlm-ta): Thromb J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Thromb J

Title: Thrombosis Journal

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1477-9560

Publication date (Electronic): 4 October 2016

Publication date PMC-release: 4 October 2016

Publication date Collection: 2016

Volume: 14

Issue : Suppl 1 Issue sponsor : Publication of this supplement was funded by APSTH 2016. The articles have undergone the journal's standard peer review process for supplements. The Supplement Editors declare that they have no competing interests.

Electronic Location Identifier: 24

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Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, C7-P, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands

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Publisher ID: 108

DOI: 10.1186/s12959-016-0108-y

PMC ID: 5056464

PubMed ID: 27766050

SO-VID: 9643e2dd-922b-4319-a964-ca74c3edd627

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Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Conference name: The 9th Congress of the Asian-Pacific Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Conference acronym: 2016 APSTH

Conference location: Taipei, Taiwan

Conference date: 6-9 October 2016

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Causes of venous thrombosis

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Most cited references 27

Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study.

Thrombosis: a major contributor to the global disease burden.

The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study

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