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      Excessive use of disinfectants against COVID-19 posing potential threat to living beings

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          Abstract

          The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan city of China in late December 2019 and identified as a novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On January 30, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus outbreak a global public health emergency. The rapid spread of the pathogen across the communities shock the entire population. As no existing therapy were available during the pandemic. Health professionals recommended frequent washing of hands with soap and alcohol-based sanitizers. Disinfectants were extensively sprayed to minimize the possibility of getting COVID-19. Despite the potential benefits of these germicidal agents against COVID-19. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers lead to dry skin, infection, and alcohol poisoning. Children are considered more prone to alcohol poisoning and other major health concern. Precautionary measures should be ensured to protect the community from the possible risk associated with disinfectants.

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          Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance

          Gerald McDonnell, A. Russell (1999)
          Antiseptics and disinfectants are extensively used in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard-surface applications. A wide variety of active chemical agents (biocides) are found in these products, many of which have been used for hundreds of years, including alcohols, phenols, iodine, and chlorine. Most of these active agents demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity; however, little is known about the mode of action of these agents in comparison to antibiotics. This review considers what is known about the mode of action and spectrum of activity of antiseptics and disinfectants. The widespread use of these products has prompted some speculation on the development of microbial resistance, in particular whether antibiotic resistance is induced by antiseptics or disinfectants. Known mechanisms of microbial resistance (both intrinsic and acquired) to biocides are reviewed, with emphasis on the clinical implications of these reports.
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            Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic: Future Challenges for Dental Practitioners

            Ioana Bordea, Edit Xhajanka, Sebastian Candrea … (2020)
            In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic, the medical system has been subjected to many changes. Face-to-face treatments have been suspended for a period of time. After the lockdown, dentists have to be aware of the modalities to protect themselves and their patients in order not to get infected. Dental practitioners are potentially exposed to a high degree of contamination with SARS-CoV-2 while performing dental procedures that produce aerosols. It should also be noted that the airways, namely the oral cavity and nostrils, are the access pathways for SARS-CoV-2. In order to protect themselves and their patients, they have to use full personal protective equipment. Relevant data regarding this pandemic are under evaluation and are still under test. In this article, we made a synthesis about the way in which SARS-CoV-2 spreads, how to diagnose a novel corona virus infection, what the possible treatments are, and which protective personal equipment we can use to stop its spreading.
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              Environmental Disinfection of a Dental Clinic during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Insight

              Antonio Scarano, Francesco Inchingolo, Felice Lorusso (2020)
              Background The control of biological hazard risk in health care and dental clinic environments represents a critical point in relation to the Covid-19 infection outbreak and international public health emergency. The purpose of the present review was to evaluate the scientific literature on the no-touch disinfection procedures in dental clinics aiming to limit transmission via airborne particles or fomites using no-touch procedures for environmental decontamination of dental clinics. Methods An electronic database literature search was performed to retrieve research papers about Covid-19 and no-touch disinfection topics including full-length articles, editorials, commentaries, and outbreak studies. A total of 86 papers were retrieved by the electronic research. Results No clinical article about the decontamination of a dental clinic during the Covid-19 pandemic was detected. About the topic of hospital decontamination, we found different no-touch disinfection procedures used in hospital against highly resistant organisms, but no data were found in the search for such procedures with respect to SARS-CoV-2: (1) aerosolized hydrogen peroxide, (2) H2O2 vapor, (3) ultraviolet C light, (4) pulsed xenon, and (5) gaseous ozone. One paper was retrieved concerning SARS-CoV-2; 32 documents focused on SARS and MERS. The cleaning and disinfection protocol of health care and dental clinic environment surfaces are essential elements of infection prevention programs, especially during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Conclusion The decontamination technique that best suits the needs of the dental clinic is peroxide and hypochlorous which can be sprayed via a device at high turbine speed with the ability of producing small aerosol particles, recommendable also for their low cost.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Res Toxicol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Res Toxicol
                Title: Current Research in Toxicology
                Publisher: The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2666-027X
                Publication date PMC-release: 4 March 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 March 2021
                Affiliations
                [a ]CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
                [b ]University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
                [c ]State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
                [d ]Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of life sciences, Lanzhou University, 730000 Gansu, China
                [e ]Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
                [f ]Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author.
                [1]

                These authors contributed to this work equally

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2666-027X(21)00013-X
                DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.02.008
                PMC ID: 7931675
                PubMed ID: 33688633
                SO-VID: 963ccadd-d566-4b9e-9837-945c9e51c4fd
                Copyright © © 2021 The Author(s)
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 5 January 2021
                Date revision received : 8 February 2021
                Date accepted : 26 February 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: sars-cov-2,disinfectants,alcohol,human,environment,hazardous
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sars-cov-2, disinfectants, alcohol, human, environment, hazardous

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