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Abstract
Substantial evolution in cancer therapy has been witnessed lately, steering mainly
towards immunotherapeutic approaches, replacing or in combination with classical therapies.
Whereas the use of various immunotherapy approaches, such as adoptive T cell therapy,
genetically-modified T cells, or immune checkpoint inhibitors, has been a triumph
for cancer immunotherapy, the great challenge is the ability of the immune system
to sustain long lasting anti-tumor response. Additionally, epigenetic changes in a
suppressive tumor microenvironment can pertain to T cell exhaustion, limiting their
functionality. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged over the last years as key players
in epigenetic regulation. Among those, microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs
(lncRNAs) have been studied extensively for their potential role in regulating tumor
immunity through direct regulation of genes involved in immune activation or suppression.
In this review, we will provide an overview of contemporary approaches for cancer
immunotherapy and will present the current state of knowledge implicating miRNAs and
lncRNAs in regulating immune response against human cancer and their potential implications
in resistance to cancer immunotherapy, with main emphasis on immune checkpoints regulation.