Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus among Adults in South-West of Iran

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Abstract

Background. Knowledge regarding prevalence of HEV in general population can be an indicator of the public health and hygiene. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of HEV among adults in South-West of Iran. Methods. Blood samples were taken from 510 participants, 206 (40.4%) males and 304 (59.6%) females from February to July 2014. Detection of anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies was carried out by ELISA test. Results. The overall anti-HEV IgG and IgM prevalence rates were 46.1% and 1.4%, respectively. Anti-HEV IgG and IgM seropositivity were not statistically associated with gender and race/ethnicity. Meanwhile, there were significant differences between the age groups regarding HEV IgG and IgM seropositivity. HEV IgG seroprevalence increased with age from 14.3% in subjects aged 18–30 years to 71.4% in persons over 71 years old, and considerably individuals aged 61 to 70 years had the highest HEV prevalence (90.9%). Also, 5.7% in the age group 18–30 years and 2.2% in the age group 31–40 years were positive for anti-HEV IgM antibodies and the highest rate was observed in subjects aged 18–30 years. Conclusion. In conclusion, high HEV IgG seroprevalence of 46.1% was observed among adults in South-West of Iran.

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Most cited references 33

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Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in the United States: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.

R Purcell, Annemarie Wasley, Mark H. Kuniholm … (2009)

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is prevalent and causes disease worldwide, but its epidemiological profile is only partially understood. We used an enzyme immunoassay to measure anti-HEV immunoglobulin G antibodies in 18,695 serum samples collected in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We calculated estimates of HEV seroprevalence and examined associations with putative risk factors. The seroprevalence of HEV in the civilian noninstitutionalized United States (US) population during the period from 1988 through 1994 was 21.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.0%-22.9%). Among US-born individuals, males, non-Hispanic whites, and individuals residing in the Midwest and/or in metropolitan areas had the highest seroprevalence estimates. Having a pet in the home (odds ratio [OR], 1.19 [95% CI, 1.01-1.40]) and consuming liver or other organ meats more than once per month (OR, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.01-1.88]) were significantly associated with increased odds of HEV seropositivity. Exposure to HEV is common in the US population, although hepatitis E is rarely reported. Having pets and consuming organ meats may play a role in HEV transmission in the United States, but other mechanisms of transmission may also exist. HEV may be considered a possible etiologic agent of acute and chronic hepatitis in US patients reporting no travel history.

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The two faces of hepatitis E virus.

Eyasu Teshale, Scott Holmberg, D. Hu (2010)

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has at least 2 distinct epidemiological profiles: (1) large outbreaks and epidemics in developing countries, usually caused by HEV genotype 1, resulting in high morbidity and mortality among pregnant women and young children, and (2) very few symptomatic cases of HEV genotype 3, most cases without symptoms or clear source(s) of infection, but frequent seroreactivity in 5%-21% of asymptomatic persons in developed countries. We urge more epidemiological studies and public health interventions, including the promotion and development of existing and future vaccine candidates and the availability of US Food and Drug Administration-approved serological assays for this underappreciated and poorly understood virus, a major cause of disease throughout the world.

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Indigenous hepatitis E virus infection in England: more common than it seems.

Timothy Vyse, David K Brown, Dilys Morgan … (2009)

Indigenous hepatitis E virus (HEV) is increasingly diagnosed in England due to a better awareness and understanding of the virus. However, the true burden of infection and therefore its implication to public health remains undefined. To estimate the HEV seroprevalence in the general population and to investigate how the risk of HEV infection had fluctuated over time. Two sample collections stratified by age ranging from 1 to 80 years, were screened for HEV IgG antibody. The two collections were separated by 13 years enabling the average incidence between 1991 and 2004 to be estimated. Additional force of infection calculations were also undertaken. An overall HEV antibody prevalence of 13% was determined, increasing with age and peaking at 25% in those aged over 50 years. Analysis of the two sample collections demonstrated a temporal shift in seroprevalence indicating that the risk of acquiring HEV infection was not solely age dependant. Data showed that the force of infection had been particularly high in the middle of the 20th century but had subsequently decreased. Current HEV incidence estimates revealed that the incidence did not vary in different age groups. This study indicated a high anti-HEV seroprevalence in England and that there was a period of increased risk of acquiring HEV infection which has now decreased. Incidence estimates show that shared risk factors still exist for acquiring HEV infection across all age groups in England.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Hepat Res Treat

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Hepat Res Treat

Journal ID (publisher-id): HEPRT

Title: Hepatitis Research and Treatment

Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation

ISSN (Print): 2090-1364

ISSN (Electronic): 2090-1372

Publication date (Print): 2015

Publication date (Electronic): 23 June 2015

Volume: 2015

Electronic Location Identifier: 759589

Affiliations

¹Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran

²Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran

³Persian Gulf Biomedical Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran

⁴Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran

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*Reza Taherkhani: taherkhanireza2005@ 123456yahoo.com

Academic Editor: Piero Luigi Almasio

Article

DOI: 10.1155/2015/759589

PMC ID: 4493289

PubMed ID: 26199756

SO-VID: 95af33ea-d97a-4870-9fd4-fe5982ff26c0

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus among Adults in South-West of Iran

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Abstract

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Point-Of-Care Testing for Hepatitis

Most cited references 33

Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in the United States: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.

The two faces of hepatitis E virus.

Indigenous hepatitis E virus infection in England: more common than it seems.

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