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      Biofortified tomatoes provide a new route to vitamin D sufficiency

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          Abstract

          Poor vitamin D status is a global health problem; insufficiency underpins higher risk of cancer, neurocognitive decline and all-cause mortality. Most foods contain little vitamin D and plants are very poor sources. We have engineered the accumulation of provitamin D 3 in tomato by genome editing, modifying a duplicated section of phytosterol biosynthesis in Solanaceous plants, to provide a biofortified food with the added possibility of supplement production from waste material.

          Abstract

          Vitamin D insufficiency is a major public health problem requiring dietary fortification and supplement solutions. This study produced gene-edited tomato lines that accumulate provitamin D 3 in fruits, offering a new dietary source of vitamin D 3.

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          Most cited references30

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          Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis.

          There is conflicting evidence about the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression, and a systematic assessment of the literature has not been available. To determine the relationship, if any, between vitamin D deficiency and depression. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomised controlled trials was conducted. One case-control study, ten cross-sectional studies and three cohort studies with a total of 31 424 participants were analysed. Lower vitamin D levels were found in people with depression compared with controls (SMD = 0.60, 95% CI 0.23-0.97) and there was an increased odds ratio of depression for the lowest v. highest vitamin D categories in the cross-sectional studies (OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.0-1.71). The cohort studies showed a significantly increased hazard ratio of depression for the lowest v. highest vitamin D categories (HR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.40-3.49). Our analyses are consistent with the hypothesis that low vitamin D concentration is associated with depression, and highlight the need for randomised controlled trials of vitamin D for the prevention and treatment of depression to determine whether this association is causal.
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            Hairy root transformation using Agrobacterium rhizogenes as a tool for exploring cell type-specific gene expression and function using tomato as a model.

            Agrobacterium rhizogenes (or Rhizobium rhizogenes) is able to transform plant genomes and induce the production of hairy roots. We describe the use of A. rhizogenes in tomato (Solanum spp.) to rapidly assess gene expression and function. Gene expression of reporters is indistinguishable in plants transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens as compared with A. rhizogenes. A root cell type- and tissue-specific promoter resource has been generated for domesticated and wild tomato (Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum pennellii, respectively) using these approaches. Imaging of tomato roots using A. rhizogenes coupled with laser scanning confocal microscopy is facilitated by the use of a membrane-tagged protein fused to a red fluorescent protein marker present in binary vectors. Tomato-optimized isolation of nuclei tagged in specific cell types and translating ribosome affinity purification binary vectors were generated and used to monitor associated messenger RNA abundance or chromatin modification. Finally, transcriptional reporters, translational reporters, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated nuclease9 genome editing demonstrate that SHORT-ROOT and SCARECROW gene function is conserved between Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato. © 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists. All Rights Reserved.
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              Biochemical and molecular analysis of pink tomatoes: deregulated expression of the gene encoding transcription factor SlMYB12 leads to pink tomato fruit color.

              The color of tomato fruit is mainly determined by carotenoids and flavonoids. Phenotypic analysis of an introgression line (IL) population derived from a cross between Solanum lycopersicum 'Moneyberg' and the wild species Solanum chmielewskii revealed three ILs with a pink fruit color. These lines had a homozygous S. chmielewskii introgression on the short arm of chromosome 1, consistent with the position of the y (yellow) mutation known to result in colorless epidermis, and hence pink-colored fruit, when combined with a red flesh. Metabolic analysis showed that pink fruit lack the ripening-dependent accumulation of the yellow-colored flavonoid naringenin chalcone in the fruit peel, while carotenoid levels are not affected. The expression of all genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes involved in the production of the flavonol rutin from naringenin chalcone was down-regulated in pink fruit, suggesting that the candidate gene underlying the pink phenotype encodes a regulatory protein such as a transcription factor rather than a biosynthetic enzyme. Of 26 MYB and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors putatively involved in regulating transcription of genes in the phenylpropanoid and/or flavonoid pathway, only the expression level of the MYB12 gene correlated well with the decrease in the expression of structural flavonoid genes in peel samples of pink- and red-fruited genotypes during ripening. Genetic mapping and segregation analysis showed that MYB12 is located on chromosome 1 and segregates perfectly with the characteristic pink fruit color. Virus-induced gene silencing of SlMYB12 resulted in a decrease in the accumulation of naringenin chalcone, a phenotype consistent with the pink-colored tomato fruit of IL1b. In conclusion, biochemical and molecular data, gene mapping, segregation analysis, and virus-induced gene silencing experiments demonstrate that the MYB12 transcription factor plays an important role in regulating the flavonoid pathway in tomato fruit and suggest strongly that SlMYB12 is a likely candidate for the y mutation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                cathie.martin@jic.ac.uk
                Journal
                Nat Plants
                Nat Plants
                Nature Plants
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2055-0278
                23 May 2022
                23 May 2022
                2022
                : 8
                : 6
                : 611-616
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.14830.3e, ISNI 0000 0001 2175 7246, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, ; Norwich, UK
                [2 ]GRID grid.473653.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1791 9224, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, C.N.R., Unit of Lecce, ; Lecce, Italy
                [3 ]GRID grid.5380.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2298 9663, Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Faculty, , University of Concepción, ; Concepción, Chile
                [4 ]GRID grid.423616.4, ISNI 0000 0001 2293 6756, CREA—Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, ; Rome, Italy
                [5 ]GRID grid.8756.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2193 314X, University of Glasgow, ; Glasgow, UK
                [6 ]GRID grid.441252.4, ISNI 0000 0000 9526 034X, University of Camagüey, ; Camagüey, Cuba
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8169-1514
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8133-9492
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4906-0026
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1287-8884
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3640-5080
                Article
                1154
                10.1038/s41477-022-01154-6
                9213236
                35606499
                93c1c19c-d0f0-41a1-b91d-d19432336e7a
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 22 September 2021
                : 12 April 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000268, RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC);
                Award ID: BB/N005023/1
                Award ID: BB/J004596/1
                Award ID: BB/P012523/1
                Award ID: BB/N005023/1
                Award ID: POC-OCT17-04
                Award ID: BB/N005023/1
                Award ID: BB/J004596/1
                Award ID: BB/P012523/1
                Award ID: BB/N005023/1
                Award ID: BB/N005023/1
                Award ID: BB/J004596/1
                Award ID: BB/P012523/1
                Award ID: BB/N005023/1
                Award ID: BB/J004596/1
                Award ID: BB/P012523/1
                Award ID: BB/N005023/1
                Award ID: BB/J004596/1
                Award ID: BB/P012523/1
                Award ID: BB/N005023/1
                Award ID: BB/J004596/1
                Award ID: BB/P012523/1
                Award ID: POC-OCT17-04
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: CNR-DiSBA projectNutrAge (project nr. 7022)
                Funded by: BIOTECH-Cisget project from the Italian Ministry of Agriculture (MiPAAF); SMART-BREED project (A0375E0166, POR FESR LAZIO 2014 – 2020)
                Funded by: CNR-DiSBA projectNutrAge (project nr. 7022); BIOTECH-Cisget project from the Italian Ministry of Agriculture (MiPAAF); SMART-BREED project (A0375E0166, POR FESR LAZIO 2014 – 2020)
                Categories
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                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2022

                molecular engineering in plants,secondary metabolism

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