Evidence for the Capability of Roxadustat (FG-4592), an Oral HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitor, to Perturb Membrane Ionic Currents: An Unidentified yet Important Action

Abstract

Roxadustat (FG-4592), an analog of 2-oxoglutarate, is an orally-administered, heterocyclic small molecule known to be an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase. However, none of the studies have thus far thoroughly investigated its possible perturbations on membrane ion currents in endocrine or heart cells. In our studies, the whole-cell current recordings of the patch-clamp technique showed that the presence of roxadustat effectively and differentially suppressed the peak and late components of I _K(DR) amplitude in response to membrane depolarization in pituitary tumor (GH ₃) cells with an IC ₅₀ value of 5.71 and 1.32 μM, respectively. The current inactivation of I _K(DR) elicited by 10-sec membrane depolarization became raised in the presence of roxadustatt. When cells were exposed to either CoCl ₂ or deferoxamine (DFO), the I _K(DR) elicited by membrane depolarization was not modified; however, nonactin, a K ⁺-selective ionophore, in continued presence of roxadustat, attenuated roxadustat-mediated inhibition of the amplitude. The steady-state inactivation of I _K(DR) could be constructed in the presence of roxadustat. Recovery of I _K(DR) block by roxadustat (3 and 10 μM) could be fitted by a single exponential with 382 and 523 msec, respectively. The roxadustat addition slightly suppressed erg-mediated K ⁺ or hyperpolarization-activated cation currents. This drug also decreased the peak amplitude of voltage-gated Na ⁺ current with a slowing in inactivation rate of the current. Likewise, in H9c2 heart-derived cells, the addition of roxadustat suppressed I _K(DR) amplitude in combination with the shortening in inactivation time course of the current. In high glucose-treated H9c2 cells, roxadustat-mediated inhibition of I _K(DR) remained unchanged. Collectively, despite its suppression of HIF prolyl hydroxylase, inhibitory actions of roxadustat on different types of ionic currents possibly in a non-genomic fashion might provide another yet unidentified mechanism through which cellular functions are seriously perturbed, if similar findings occur in vivo.