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      NF-κB/p65在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者肿瘤组织中的表达及临床意义 Translated title: Clinical significance of NF-κB/p65 expression in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

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          弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B cell lymphoma,DLBCL)的发生、发展和转移与多种细胞通路异常有关,其中具有代表性的为NF-κB通路。NF-κB五个家族成员(p50/105、p52/100、p65/RelA、RelB和c-Rel)两两组成同质或异质二聚体,可以通过经典或非经典途径调节细胞的生物学活性。已有研究表明,异常激活的NF-κB通路在淋巴瘤的发生和进展,以及在肿瘤细胞对放化疗抵抗中起重要作用[1]。在本研究中我们对DLBCL患者肿瘤组织中NF-κB/p65表达水平进行检测,并结合临床资料,分析其与患者疗效和生存的关系。 病例和方法 1.病例:收集2008年1月至2013年9月在我院就诊的73例DLBCL患者资料。73例患者中男41例(56.1%),女32例(43.9%);中位发病年龄58(18~81)岁,其中>60岁者34例(46.5%),≤60岁者39例(53.5%)。所有患者均经手术或穿刺活检获得病理组织标本,采用血常规、免疫组织化学、PET-CT以及骨髓细胞形态学检查、骨髓组织活检,根据2008年WHO淋巴瘤分类标准确诊。Ann Arbor分期:Ⅰ~Ⅱ期23例(31.5%),Ⅲ~Ⅳ期50例(68.5%);根据国际预后指数(IPI) 44例(60.3%)患者被归为中高风险或高风险(3~5分),40例(54.7%)患者存在B症状(发热、盗汗、体重减轻),11例(14.8%)患者在诊断时查见巨大肿块(任何部位直径超过10 cm),54例(72.9%)患者有结外累及,35例(47.2%)患者LDH水平增高(>245 U/L)。 2.免疫组织化学染色检测DLBCL患者肿瘤组织中NF-κB/p65表达水平:取患者活检组织常规固定、石蜡包埋,制备2~3 µm连续切片。采用免疫组织化学链霉素-生物素过氧化酶(SP)染色法对标本进行染色。NF-κB/p65抗体购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司,工作浓度为1:400;DAB显色试剂盒购自武汉博士德生物工程有限公司。光学显微镜下观察并计算肿瘤活检组织阳性细胞的比例(所有细胞中细胞核染色呈棕黄色的细胞所占的百分数),参照文献[2]方法计算积分:0分:没有核阳性;1分:<10%核阳性;2分:10%~40%核阳性;3分:>40%核阳性。核染色强度也被纳入评分:0分:无染色;1分:浅棕色;2分:棕黄色;3分:深棕色。最后的分数由阳性比例分数乘以染色强度分数得出,按照最后所得分数将患者分为NF-κB/p65低表达组(0~4分)和高表达组(6或9分)。所有标本均由两位病理科医师采用双盲法独立进行评价。 3.治疗及疗效评估:所有患者均接受R-CHOP(利妥昔单抗、环磷酰胺、阿霉素、长春新碱、泼尼松)方案化疗,平均疗程6(2~12)个。根据《NCCN非霍奇金淋巴瘤指南》标准评估疗效,分为完全缓解(CR)、部分缓解(PR)、未缓解(NR)。随访截止日期为2014年8月5日,通过电话方式进行随访,中位随访时间为24.8(4~73)个月。总生存(OS)时间指从诊断到任何原因的死亡或最后一次随访的时间。疾病无进展生存(PFS)时间指从诊断到任何原因的死亡或首次疾病进展或复发或最后一次随访的时间。 4.统计学处理:采用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计学分析。率和构成比的比较采用卡方检验,用Kaplan-Meier法进行单变量生存曲线比较,用Log-rank法进行差异检验,多变量预后分析采用Cox回归模型。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果 1.NF-κB/p65在DLBCL患者肿瘤组织中的表达:73例患者中NF-κB/p65高表达者20例(27.4%),低表达者53例(72.6%)。入组患者NF-κB/p65的表达及与临床变量的关系详见表1, NF-κB/p65高表达组患者和低表达组患者在年龄、性别、分期、B症状、IPI评分、巨大肿块、结外累及以及LDH水平的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);在非生发中心样(non-GCB)患者组中,NF-κB/p65高表达者占35.4%(17/48),显著高于其在生发中心样(GCB)患者组的12.0%(3/25) (P=0.033)。 表1 73例弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者肿瘤组织中NF-κB/p65的表达及与临床变量的关系[例数(%)] 临床因素 低表达组(53例) 高表达组(20例) χ 2值 P值 年龄>60岁 21(39.6) 13(65.0) 2.807 0.094 男性 30(56.6) 11(55.0) 0.015 0.902 Ann Arbor分期Ⅲ~Ⅳ期 35(66.0) 15(75.0) 0.205 0.651 有B症状 30(56.6) 10(50.0) 0.256 0.613 IPI评分3~5分 31(58.5) 13(65.0) 0.257 0.612 有巨大肿块 6(11.3) 5(25.0) 1.189 0.276 结外累及 38(71.7) 16(80.0) 0.520 0.471 LDH增高(>245 U/L) 23(43.4) 12(60.0) 1.604 0.205 Hans分型(非生发中心样) 31(58.5) 17(85.5) 4.532 0.033 完全缓解 31(58.5) 7(35.5) 3.210 0.073 注:IPI:国际预后指数;B症状:发热、盗汗、体重减轻 2.NF-κB/p65表达水平与短期疗效的关系:73例患者均在接受R-CHOP方案化疗4或6个疗程后行PET-CT首次评价疗效,CR者38例(52.0%),PR者33例(45.2%),NR者2例(2.7%)。NF-κB/p65高表达组与低表达组患者间CR率差异无统计学意义(P=0.073)(表1)。 3.NF-κB/p65表达水平对患者预后的影响:73例患者中,2年OS率和PFS率分别为75.3%和64.4%。NF-κB/p65高表达组与低表达组患者的生存曲线见图1。NF-κB/p65高表达组较低表达组的预后差,生存期明显缩短,其2年OS率分别为55%和83% (P=0.012),2年PFS率分别为35%和73%(P=0.005)。其中GCB患者中,NF-κB/p65高表达者与低表达者的2年OS率及PFS率差异无统计学意义(P值分别为0.166和0.109);而non-GCB患者中,NF-κB/p65高表达者的2年OS率(52%对83%,P=0.043)及PFS率(35%对74%,P= 0.034)均较低表达者降低(图2)。 图1 NF-κB/p65表达对弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者总生存(A)和疾病无进展生存(B)的影响 图2 NF-κB/p65表达对非生发中心样弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者总生存(A)和疾病无进展生存(B)的影响 单因素分析结果显示,IPI评分中低风险(0~2分)29例,高风险或中高风险(3~5分)44例,2年OS率分别为89.7%和72.0% (P=0.002),2年PFS率分别为82.8%和54.5% (P= 0.000)(表2)。 表2 影响弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者预后的单因素分析 影响因素 总生存 疾病无进展生存 χ 2值 P值 χ 2值 P值 年龄 2.810 0.094 3.133 0.081 性别 0.576 0.448 0.000 0.987 Ann Arbor分期 1.438 0.231 0.769 0.380 B症状 2.042 0.153 0.466 0.495 IPI评分 9.888 0.002 13.860 0.000 巨大肿块 0.548 0.431 0.005 0.945 结外累及 0.152 0.697 1.576 0.209 LDH水平 3.872 0.074 3.478 0.062 Hans分型(GCB或non-GCB) 1.264 0.354 0.009 0.925 p65 6.241 0.012 7.828 0.005 注:B症状:发热、盗汗、体重减轻;IPI:国际预后指数指数;GCB:生发中心样;non-GCB:非生发中心样 多因素分析结果显示,IPI评分(OS:HR = 6.762,95%CI 1.454~32.301,P=0.025;PFS:HR=7.240,95% CI 1.875~27.488,P=0.004)和NF-κB/p65表达水平(OS:HR=1.954,95%CI 1.475~5.090,P=0.032;PFS:HR= 3.472,95%CI 1.883~9.279,P=0.005)为影响患者OS和PFS的独立预后因素(表3)。 表3 影响弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者预后的多因素分析 影响因素 HR 95%可信区间 P值 下限 上限 总生存  B症状 0.657 0.240 1.797 0.413  Hans分型 1.362 0.439 4.219 0.593  LDH水平 0.536 0.165 1.742 0.300  IPI评分 6.762 1.454 32.301 0.025  p65 1.954 1.475 5.090 0.032 疾病无进展生存  B症状 0.544 0.215 1.377 0.199  Hans分型 1.576 0.581 4.272 0.372  LDH水平 0.832 0.317 2.183 0.709  IPI评分 7.240 1.875 27.488 0.004  p65 3.472 1.883 9.279 0.005 注:B症状:发热、盗汗、体重减轻;IPI:国际预后指数指数 讨论 NF-κB家族成员p65被报道参与NF-κB通路激活的经典通路及非经典通路,被视为NF-κB通路激活的重要证据[3]。然而,p65表达的研究状况及其预后意义仍然非常有限。我们的研究结果表明在DLBCL患者中NF-κB/p65在27.4%的患者肿瘤组织细胞核中高表达,尤其在non-GCB样DLBCL患者中NF-κB/p65高表达提示预后不良。 由于已知NF-κB在肿瘤的发生和转移方面发挥着重大作用,很多研究着力于探索实体瘤中NF-κB表达的临床意义,以提示疾病预后,其中包括淋巴瘤[4]。NF-κB的表达被认为是抵抗放化疗、疾病复发从而减少生存的重要标志,它的表达是独立于DLBCL传统临床病理因素的。我们的研究结果显示,在所有患者中NF-κB/p65的高表达被证实与患者2年OS和PFS时间明显缩短有密切关系,在non-GCB组患者中NF-κB/p65高表达者较低表达者预后差,但在GCB组患者中并未发现。Bavi等[5]对203例DLBCL患者进行研究,发现有52例(25.6%)患者NF-κB表达阳性,且多见于non-GCB样患者,差异有统计学意义,表达阳性者较阴性者生存期明显缩短,NF-κB可作为预后标记物提示预后。Davis等[6]在non-GCB样DLBCL细胞株中发现IKK激酶活性、IκB迅速降解以及能与NF-κB DNA绑定的活性,使得NF-κB二聚体得以进入细胞核,激活NF-κB通路,但在GCB样DLBCL中未发现。尽管上述两个研究的结果和我们的结果一致,但仍有一些研究的结果与我们的结果有差异。Shin等[7]的研究结果显示NF-κB阳性率为84.3% (59/70),在GCB样和non-GCB样患者间的差异无统计学意义,NF-κB与DLBCL患者的生存未见相关性。这些差异可能与各个实验室所使用的NF-κB家族成员不同、所取的阈值不同、患者的治疗方案和研究的样本量等因素有关。此外在本研究中我们发现NF-κB/p65在non-GCB样DLBCL患者中高表达,并与患者预后不良相关。常规的化疗方法对GCB样DLBCL患者疗效优于non-GCB样,其原因与>50%的non-GCB样DLBCL和小部分的GCB样DLBCL患者存在一定的NF-κB靶基因REL的自身突变有关。发生靶基因REL自身突变使NF-κB处于一种异常状态,这种状态的淋巴细胞不仅更容易向肿瘤方向生长,且对化疗放疗都不敏感[8]。所以,NF-κB/p65在DLBCL尤其在non-GCB样患者中可以作为预后标志物,然仍需进一步探索NF-κB/p65的作用和可能的机制。 在我们的研究中,73例患者均在结束4或6个疗程R-CHOP方案化疗后行PET-CT首次评估疗效,但超过半数的患者因自身原因等未再进行系统的疗效评估,故目前仅可针对患者的短期疗效分析与NF-κB/p65的表达水平有无关联。结果显示,NF-κB/p65的表达水平在短期疗效上的差异无统计学意义,NF-κB/p65表达水平对患者的2年OS率及PFS率影响差异有统计学意义,分析其可能的原因为:①R-CHOP方案在DLBCL患者短期疗效较好,但长期疗效尚无定论。有研究表明,经R-CHOP方案治疗患者的10年生存期较经CHOP方案治疗患者生存率增高(43.5%对27.6%),但这两组患者因其他疾病死亡的风险相同,如疾病晚期复发、二次癌症等,5年疾病进展的发生率约7%。故虽然利妥昔单抗被广泛应用,仍有小部分患者疾病进展迅速,早期复发[9];②利妥昔单抗在体内是否能阻断或抑制NF-κB通路激活尚不清楚[10]。有研究发现利妥昔单抗在DLBCL细胞株中可以抑制NF-κB通路的激活,然而这一发现的临床意义尚不十分清楚,文献[10]中提到GCB样DLBCL中罕见NF-κB通路的激活,本研究25例GCB样DLBCL患者中仅3例(12%)存在该通路的激活。然而有研究显示对non-GCB样和GCB样DLBCL来说,加入利妥昔单抗后两者的OS率均显著改善[11]–[12]。故目前应寻找较利妥昔单抗更能抑制NF-κB通路激活、更能提高长期疗效的药物来联合CHOP方案作为新的治疗策略。 蛋白酶体抑制剂的使用被视为新的治疗方法,主要原因为泛素-蛋白酶体通路是细胞的泛素化蛋白被降解的主要机制,而许多细胞周期运行的关键蛋白,包括那些参与在NF-κB通路激活中蛋白均被泛素化调控。也就说明使用蛋白酶体抑制剂后,与NF-κB通路激活相关的蛋白会被泛素化而降解,即抑制了NF-κB通路的激活。至今,只有硼替佐米这一种蛋白酶体抑制剂被用于临床,也有研究表明硼替佐米联合R-CHOP方案可以显著提高DLBCL患者的缓解率以及OS、PFS率[13]。所以,继续发现新的NF-κB通路抑制剂不仅有利于一线治疗,对于复发后的治疗更有价值,这值得我们更加深入的研究。

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          Bortezomib plus CHOP-rituximab for previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma.

          The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib may enhance activity of chemoimmunotherapy in lymphoma. We evaluated dose-escalated bortezomib plus standard cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) plus rituximab (R) in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Seventy-six subjects with untreated DLBCL (n = 40) and MCL (n = 36) received standard CHOP every 21 days (CHOP-21) with R plus bortezomib at 0.7 mg/m(2) (n = 4), 1.0 mg/m(2) (n = 9), or 1.3 mg/m(2) (n = 63) on days 1 and 4 for six cycles. Median age was 63 years (range, 20 to 87), and International Prognostic Index (IPI) scores were generally unfavorable (39% with IPI of 2, and 49% with IPI of 3 to 5), as were Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index scores in patients with MCL (28% intermediate risk and 39% high risk). Toxicity was manageable, including neuropathy in 49 subjects (8% grade 2 and 4% grade 3) and grade 3/4 anemia (13%), neutropenia (41%), and thrombocytopenia (25%). For DLBCL, the evaluable overall response rate (ORR) was 100% with 86% complete response (CR)/CR unconfirmed (CRu; n = 35). Intent-to-treat (ITT, n = 40) ORR was 88% with 75% CR/CRu, 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) of 64% (95% CI, 47% to 77%) and 2-year overall survival (OS) of 70% (95% CI, 53% to 82%). For MCL, the evaluable ORR was 91% with 72% CR/CRu (n = 32). The ITT (n = 36) ORR was 81% with 64% CR/CRu, 2-year PFS 44% (95% CI, 27% to 60%) and 2-year OS 86% (95% CI, 70% to 94%). IPI and MIPI correlated with survival in DLBCL and MCL, respectively. Unlike in DLBCL treated with R-CHOP alone, nongerminal center B cell (non-GCB) and GCB subtypes had similar outcomes. Bortezomib with R-CHOP-21 can be safely administered and may enhance outcomes, particularly in non-GCB DLBCL, justifying randomized studies.
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            • Article: not found

            Addition of rituximab to standard chemotherapy improves the survival of both the germinal center B-cell-like and non-germinal center B-cell-like subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

            Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) includes at least two prognostically important subtypes (ie, germinal center B-cell-like [GCB] and activated B-cell-like [ABC] DLBCL), which initially were characterized by gene expression profiling and subsequently were confirmed by immunostaining. However, with the addition of rituximab to standard chemotherapy, the prognostic significance of this subclassification of DLBCL is unclear. We studied 243 patient cases of de novo DLBCL, which included 131 patient cases treated with rituximab plus standard chemotherapy (rituximab group) and 112 patient cases treated with only standard chemotherapy (control group). The cases were assigned to GCB or non-GCB subgroups (the latter of which included both ABC DLBCL and unclassifiable DLBCL) on the basis of immunophenotype by using the Hans method. Clinical characteristics and survival outcomes of the two patient groups were compared. The clinical characteristics of the patients in the rituximab and the control groups were similar. Compared with the control group, addition of rituximab improved the 3-year overall survival (OS; 42% v 77%; P < .001) of patients with DLBCL. Rituximab-treated patients in either the GCB or the non-GCB subgroups also had a significantly improved 3-year OS compared with their respective subgroups in the control group (P < .001). In the rituximab group, the GCB subgroup had a significantly better 3-year OS than the non-GCB subgroup (85% v 69%; P = .032). Multivariate analyses confirmed that rituximab treatment was predictive for survival in both the GCB and the non-GCB subgroups. In this retrospective study, we have shown that the subclassification of DLBCL on the basis of the cell of origin continues to have prognostic importance in the rituximab era.
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              Prognostic impact of immunohistochemically defined germinal center phenotype in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with immunochemotherapy.

              Germinal center (GC) and non-GC phenotypes are predictors of outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and can be used to stratify chemotherapy-treated patients into low- and high-risk groups. To determine how combination of rituximab with chemotherapy influences GC-associated clinical outcome, GC and non-GC phenotypes were identified immunohistochemically from samples of 90 de novo DLBCL patients treated with rituximab in combination with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone)-like regimen (immunochemotherapy). One hundred and four patients previously treated with chemotherapy served as a control group. Consistent with previous studies, chemotherapy-treated patients with immunohistochemically defined GC phenotype displayed a significantly better overall (OS) and failure-free survival (FFS) than the non-GC group (OS, 70% vs 47%, P = .012; FFS, 59% vs 30%, P = .001). In contrast, immunohistochemically defined GC phenotype did not predict outcome in immunochemotherapy-treated patients (OS, 77% vs 76%, P = ns; FFS, 68% vs 63%, P = ns). In comparison, International Prognostic Index (IPI) could separate the high-risk patients from low- and intermediate-risk groups (OS, 84% vs 63%, P = .030; FFS, 79% vs 52%, P = .028). We conclude that rituximab in combination with chemotherapy seems to eliminate the prognostic value of immunohistochemically defined GC- and non-GC phenotypes in DLBCL.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi
                Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi
                CJH
                Chinese Journal of Hematology
                Editorial office of Chinese Journal of Hematology (No. 288, Nanjing road, Heping district, Tianjin )
                0253-2727
                2707-9740
                October 2015
                : 36
                : 10
                : 872-875
                Affiliations
                [1]210000 南京医科大学鼓楼临床医学院Department of Drum Tower Hospital Graduate, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
                Author notes
                通信作者:欧阳建(Ouyang Jian),Email: oy626@ 123456sina.com
                Article
                cjh-36-10-872
                10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2015.10.016
                7364946
                26477771
                92ebfb44-885e-4544-8157-25911319ad24
                2015年版权归中华医学会所有Copyright © 2015 by Chinese Medical Association

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (CC-BY-NC). The Copyright own by Publisher. Without authorization, shall not reprint, except this publication article, shall not use this publication format design. Unless otherwise stated, all articles published in this journal do not represent the views of the Chinese Medical Association or the editorial board of this journal.

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                : 1 March 2015
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