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      The prognostic value of sarcopenia combined with preoperative fibrinogen–albumin ratio in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after surgery: A multicenter, prospective study

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          Abstract

          Background

          To explore the prognostic value of the fibrinogen–albumin ratio (FAR) combined with sarcopenia in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients after surgery and to develop a nomogram for predicting the survival of ICC patients.

          Materials and Methods

          In this prospective cohort study, 116 ICC patients who underwent radical surgery were enrolled as the discovery cohort and another independent cohort of 68 ICC patients was used as the validation cohort. Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze prognosis. The independent predictor of overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) was evaluated by univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses, then developing nomograms. The performance of nomograms was evaluated by concordance index (C‐index), calibration curve, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (ROC), and decision curve analysis (DCA).

          Results

          Patients with high FAR had lower OS and RFS. FAR and sarcopenia were effective predictors of OS and RFS. Patients with high FAR and sarcopenia had a poorer prognosis than other patients. OS nomogram was constructed based on age, FAR, and sarcopenia. RFS nomogram was constructed based on FAR and sarcopenia. C‐index for the nomograms of OS and RFS was 0.713 and 0.686. Calibration curves revealed great consistency between actual survival and nomogram prediction. The area under ROC curve (AUC) for the nomograms of OS and RFS was 0.796 and 0.791 in the discovery cohort, 0.823 and 0.726 in the validation cohort. The clinical value of nomograms was confirmed by the DCA.

          Conclusions

          ICC patients with high FAR and sarcopenia had a poor prognosis, the nomograms developed based on these two factors were accurate and clinically useful in ICC patients who underwent radical resection.

          Abstract

          Sarcopenia and high levels of FAR are related to the poor prognosis of ICC patients undergoing radical surgery. FAR and sarcopenia are convenient, inexpensive, and reliable marks that provide references for improving the prognosis and new treatment strategies for ICC patients after surgery.

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          Most cited references41

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          Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation

          The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hallmark functions. Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks of potential generality to this list-reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction. In addition to cancer cells, tumors exhibit another dimension of complexity: they contain a repertoire of recruited, ostensibly normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of hallmark traits by creating the "tumor microenvironment." Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of new means to treat human cancer. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis

            Abstract Background in 2010, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) published a sarcopenia definition that aimed to foster advances in identifying and caring for people with sarcopenia. In early 2018, the Working Group met again (EWGSOP2) to update the original definition in order to reflect scientific and clinical evidence that has built over the last decade. This paper presents our updated findings. Objectives to increase consistency of research design, clinical diagnoses and ultimately, care for people with sarcopenia. Recommendations sarcopenia is a muscle disease (muscle failure) rooted in adverse muscle changes that accrue across a lifetime; sarcopenia is common among adults of older age but can also occur earlier in life. In this updated consensus paper on sarcopenia, EWGSOP2: (1) focuses on low muscle strength as a key characteristic of sarcopenia, uses detection of low muscle quantity and quality to confirm the sarcopenia diagnosis, and identifies poor physical performance as indicative of severe sarcopenia; (2) updates the clinical algorithm that can be used for sarcopenia case-finding, diagnosis and confirmation, and severity determination and (3) provides clear cut-off points for measurements of variables that identify and characterise sarcopenia. Conclusions EWGSOP2's updated recommendations aim to increase awareness of sarcopenia and its risk. With these new recommendations, EWGSOP2 calls for healthcare professionals who treat patients at risk for sarcopenia to take actions that will promote early detection and treatment. We also encourage more research in the field of sarcopenia in order to prevent or delay adverse health outcomes that incur a heavy burden for patients and healthcare systems.
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              Inflammation and cancer.

              Recent data have expanded the concept that inflammation is a critical component of tumour progression. Many cancers arise from sites of infection, chronic irritation and inflammation. It is now becoming clear that the tumour microenvironment, which is largely orchestrated by inflammatory cells, is an indispensable participant in the neoplastic process, fostering proliferation, survival and migration. In addition, tumour cells have co-opted some of the signalling molecules of the innate immune system, such as selectins, chemokines and their receptors for invasion, migration and metastasis. These insights are fostering new anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches to cancer development.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jinbin9449@126.com
                chen.gang@wmu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Cancer Med
                Cancer Med
                10.1002/(ISSN)2045-7634
                CAM4
                Cancer Medicine
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2045-7634
                08 June 2021
                July 2021
                : 10
                : 14 ( doiID: 10.1002/cam4.v10.14 )
                : 4768-4780
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
                [ 2 ] Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato‐Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
                [ 3 ] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Management Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
                [ 4 ] Department of Liver Transplantation Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Jinan China
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] *Correspondence

                Gang Chen, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Fuxue Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.

                Email: chen.gang@ 123456wmu.edu.cn

                Bin Jin, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.

                Email: jinbin9449@ 123456126.com

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-2631
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-8593
                Article
                CAM44035
                10.1002/cam4.4035
                8290250
                34105304
                92499f15-661c-4b52-a952-38f01fe6ad12
                © 2021 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 23 April 2021
                : 20 February 2021
                : 12 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 2, Pages: 13, Words: 7825
                Funding
                Funded by: the Research Foundation of National Health Commission of China‐ Major Medical and Health Technology Project for Zhejiang Province
                Award ID: WKJ‐ZJ‐1706
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China , doi 10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: 81701630
                Award ID: 81703310
                Award ID: 81772628
                Award ID: 82072685
                Funded by: Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Health Research Project
                Award ID: 2018KY126
                Categories
                Original Research
                Clinical Cancer Research
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                July 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.4 mode:remove_FC converted:20.07.2021

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                fibrinogen–albumin ratio (far),intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,nomogram,prognosis,sarcopenia

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