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      Cinnamomum verum Bark Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Potentiality

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          Abstract

          Cinnamomum verum plant extract mediated propellant chemistry route was used for the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Prepared samples were confirmed for their nano regime using advanced characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction and microscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The energy band gap of the green synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO)-nanoparticles (NPs) were found between 3.25–3.28 eV. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy shows the presence of Zn-O bond within the wave number of 500 cm −1. SEM images show the specific agglomeration of particles which was also confirmed by TEM studies. The green synthesized ZnO-NPs inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 µg mL −1 and 62.5 µg mL −1, respectively. The results indicate the prepared ZnO-NPs can be used as a potential antimicrobial agent against harmful pathogens.

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          Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism

          Amna Sirelkhatim, Shahrom Mahmud, Azman Seeni … (2015)
          Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition.
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            Toxicological impact studies based on Escherichia coli bacteria in ultrafine ZnO nanoparticles colloidal medium.

            Roberta Brayner, Roselyne Ferrari-Iliou, Nicolas Brivois … (2006)
            We report here preliminary studies of biocidal effects and cellular internalization of ZnO nanoparticles on Escherichia coli bacteria. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized in di(ethylene glycol) (DEG) medium by forced hydrolysis of ionic Zn2+ salts. Particle size and shape were controlled by addition of small molecules and macromolecules such as tri-n-octylphosphine oxide, sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, and bovine serum albumin. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction analyses were used to characterize particle structure, size, and morphology. Bactericidal tests were performed in Luria-Bertani medium on solid agar plates and in liquid systems with different concentrations of small and macromolecules and also with ZnO nanoparticles. TEM analyses of bacteria thin sections were used to study biocidal action of ZnO materials. The results confirmed that E. coli cells after contact with DEG and ZnO were damaged showing a Gram-negative triple membrane disorganization. This behavior causes the increase of membrane permeability leading to accumulation of ZnO nanoparticles in the bacterial membrane and also cellular internalization of these nanoparticles.
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              Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles—an antimicrobial study

              Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan, Nagarajan Padmavathy (2008)
              In this study, we investigate the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles with various particle sizes. ZnO was prepared by the base hydrolysis of zinc acetate in a 2-propanol medium and also by a precipitation method using Zn(NO3)2 and NaOH. The products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Bacteriological tests such as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disk diffusion were performed in Luria-Bertani and nutrient agar media on solid agar plates and in liquid broth systems using different concentrations of ZnO by a standard microbial method for the first time. Our bacteriological study showed the enhanced biocidal activity of ZnO nanoparticles compared with bulk ZnO in repeated experiments. This demonstrated that the bactericidal efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles increases with decreasing particle size. It is proposed that both the abrasiveness and the surface oxygen species of ZnO nanoparticles promote the biocidal properties of ZnO nanoparticles.
              Article 0 comments Cited 340 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomolecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomolecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): biomolecules
                Title: Biomolecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2218-273X
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 February 2020
                Publication date Collection: February 2020
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 336
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institutes for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
                [2 ]Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; botany.murali@ 123456gmail.com (M.M.); gajendramurthygowtham@ 123456gmail.com (H.G.G.); knataraj922@ 123456gmail.com (N.K.); dr.knamruthesh@ 123456botany.uni-mysore.ac.in (K.N.A.)
                [3 ]Department of Physics, B.M.S. Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560 064, India; darukap@ 123456bmsit.in
                [4 ]Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia; dr.alzohairy@ 123456gmail.com (M.A.A.); aamtrody@ 123456qu.edu.sa (A.A.)
                [5 ]National Center for Biotechnology, Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; malomary@ 123456kacst.edu.sa
                [6 ]Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysuru- 570 006, Karnataka, India; ac.uday@ 123456gmail.com (A.C.U.); brijeshrajput.bt@ 123456gmail.com (S.B.S.)
                [7 ]Department of Biophysics, Institutes for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; smasiri@ 123456iau.edu.sa
                [8 ]Department of Microbiology, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkuru – 572107, Karnataka, India; ashwinibs17@ 123456gmail.com
                [9 ]Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560056, India
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: maansari@ 123456iau.edu.sa (M.A.A.); lakshmeeshat6@ 123456gmail.com (T.R.L.); niranjanasr@ 123456rediffmail.com (S.R.N.); Tel.: +91-821-2419883 (M.A.A.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6122-5479
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7909-4377
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9108-9260
                Article
                Publisher ID: biomolecules-10-00336
                DOI: 10.3390/biom10020336
                PMC ID: 7072335
                PubMed ID: 32092985
                SO-VID: 8d1388f5-7de0-4a97-b18a-e0fa5b2cf690
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 31 December 2019
                Date accepted : 17 February 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: green synthesis,zno-nps,cinnamomum verum,gc-ms,antibacterial activity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: green synthesis, zno-nps, cinnamomum verum, gc-ms, antibacterial activity

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