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      Lynchet-Type Terraces, Loess, and Agricultural Resilience on Chalk Landscapes in the UK and Belgium

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          Abstract

          Lynchets, often the defining component of historic agricultural landscapes in northern Europe, are generally associated with soft-limestone geologies and are particularly well developed on loess-mantled landscapes. To understand their formation and chronology, the authors present their geoarchaeological analyses of lynchet soils and loess deposits at Blick Mead and Charlton Forest in southern England, and Sint Martens-Voeren in Belgium. The lynchets date from the late prehistoric to the medieval periods and were constructed by plough action at the English sites, and by both cut-and-fill and ploughing in Belgium. This has resulted in the preservation of highly fertile loessic soils across chalk slopes, lost elsewhere. Although each example is associated with local/regional agricultural histories, the lynchets’ effective soil-retention capacities allowed them to survive as important heritage features with environmental benefits over millennia.

          Abstract

          On associe en général les rideaux, un des éléments clés des paysages agricoles historiques de l'Europe septentrionale, à des substrats géologiques calcaires tendres, qui sont particulièrement bien développés dans les campagnes couvertes de loess. Afin de mieux comprendre la formation et la chronologie de ces rideaux et dépôts de loess, les auteurs de cet article présentent les analyses géo-archéologiques de trois sites, Blick Mead et Charlton Forest dans le sud de l'Angleterre et Sint Martens-Voeren en Belgique. Les rideaux, établis entre la fin de la préhistoire et le moyen âge, ont été formés par labourage sur les sites anglais tandis qu'ils ont été créés en entaillant et en labourant les pentes en Belgique. Ces rideaux ont ainsi conservé des sols loessiques très fertiles sur les pentes calcaires alors qu'ils ont disparu ailleurs. Bien que chaque exemple ait sa propre histoire agraire, les rideaux sont un élément important du patrimoine qui, grâce à leur capacité de rétention des sols, ont servi au maintien de l'environnement pendant des millénaires. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

          Abstract

          Die Ackerterrassen, oft ein bestimmender Bestandteil der historischen Agrarlandschaften in Nordeuropa, werden meistens mit einer weichen, kalkhaltigen Grundgeologie verbunden und sind in den mit Löss bedeckten Landschaften besonders gut entwickelt. Um ihre Chronologie und Entstehung besser zu erfassen, haben die Verfasser die Geoarchäologie von drei solcher Anlagen und Löss-Ablagerungen untersucht, nämlich in Blick Mead und Charlton Forest in Südengland und in Sint Martens-Voeren in Belgien. Die Ackerterrassen, welche von der späteren Frühgeschichte bis zum Mittelalter datieren, entstanden durch Pflügen in den Englischen Stätten und durch Einschneiden, Einfüllen und Pflügen in Belgien. Dies hat die hoch fruchtbaren Lössböden auf den Kreidehängen erhalten, die anderswo nicht erhalten blieben. Obwohl jede Fallstudie lokale oder regionale landwirtschaftsgeschichtliche Eigenheiten aufweist, hat das Bodenrückhaltevermögen der Ackerterrassen ihren Fortbestand als Bodendenkmäler mit wichtigen Vorteilen für die Umwelt gesichert. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

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          Holocene fluctuations in human population demonstrate repeated links to food production and climate

          Significance The relationship between human population, food production, and climate change is a pressing concern in need of high-resolution, long-term perspectives. Archaeological radiocarbon dates have increasingly been used to reconstruct past population dynamics, and Britain and Ireland provide both radiocarbon sampling densities and species-level sample identifications that are globally unrivalled. We use this evidence to demonstrate multiple instances of human population downturn over the Holocene that coincide with periodic episodes of reduced solar activity and climate reorganization as well as societal responses in terms of altered food-procurement strategies.
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            Soil erosion in the Anthropocene: Research needs

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                European Journal of Archaeology
                Eur. j. archaeol
                Cambridge University Press (CUP)
                1461-9571
                1741-2722
                April 22 2024
                : 1-24
                Article
                10.1017/eaa.2024.6
                8d033b4a-24f8-448a-8ac8-44739389a9e0
                © 2024

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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