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      Nanomaterials for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Head and Neck Cancers: A Review

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          Abstract

          Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a category of cancers that typically arise from the nose-, mouth-, and throat-lining squamous cells. The later stage of HNC diagnosis significantly affects the patient’s survival rate. This makes it mandatory to diagnose this cancer with a suitable biomarker and imaging techniques at the earlier stages of growth. There are limitations to traditional technologies for early detection of HNC. Furthermore, the use of nanocarriers for delivering chemo-, radio-, and phototherapeutic drugs represents a promising approach for improving the outcome of HNC treatments. Several studies with nanostructures focus on the development of a targeted and sustained release of anticancer molecules with reduced side effects. Besides, nanovehicles could allow co-delivering of anticancer drugs for synergistic activity to counteract chemo- or radioresistance. Additionally, a new generation of smart nanomaterials with stimuli-responsive properties have been developed to distinguish between unique tumor conditions and healthy tissue. In this light, the present article reviews the mechanisms used by different nanostructures (metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, quantum dots, liposomes, nanomicelles, etc.) to improve cancer diagnosis and treatment, provides an up-to-date picture of the state of the art in this field, and highlights the major challenges for future improvements.

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          Cancer statistics for the year 2020: An overview

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              ROS in cancer therapy: the bright side of the moon

              Reactive oxygen species (ROS) constitute a group of highly reactive molecules that have evolved as regulators of important signaling pathways. It is now well accepted that moderate levels of ROS are required for several cellular functions, including gene expression. The production of ROS is elevated in tumor cells as a consequence of increased metabolic rate, gene mutation and relative hypoxia, and excess ROS are quenched by increased antioxidant enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways in the same cells. Moderate increases of ROS contribute to several pathologic conditions, among which are tumor promotion and progression, as they are involved in different signaling pathways and induce DNA mutation. However, ROS are also able to trigger programmed cell death (PCD). Our review will emphasize the molecular mechanisms useful for the development of therapeutic strategies that are based on modulating ROS levels to treat cancer. Specifically, we will report on the growing data that highlight the role of ROS generated by different metabolic pathways as Trojan horses to eliminate cancer cells.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Materials (Basel)
                Materials (Basel)
                materials
                Materials
                MDPI
                1996-1944
                02 July 2021
                July 2021
                : 14
                : 13
                : 3706
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Atizapan de Zaragoza 52926, Mexico; A01166117@ 123456itesm.mx
                [2 ]Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 76169-14115, Iran; mahmoodbarani7@ 123456gmail.com
                [3 ]Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran
                [4 ]Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Science, Bam 76617-71967, Iran; g.sargazi@ 123456gmail.com
                [5 ]Department of Applied Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
                [6 ]Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; Sadanand.au@ 123456gmail.com
                [7 ]Particulate Matter Research Center, Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology (RIST), 187-12, Geumho-ro, Gwangyang-si 57801, Korea
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-3595
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5325-0079
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1711-2522
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4766-9214
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8860-0497
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2065-897X
                Article
                materials-14-03706
                10.3390/ma14133706
                8269895
                34279276
                871e8948-8ed4-4b20-8be3-49652f93e953
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 19 April 2021
                : 29 June 2021
                Categories
                Review

                biomaterials,nanomaterials,nanoparticles,stimuli-responsive materials,cancer treatment

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