Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a ⁸⁹Zr-labelled human single chain antibody for non-invasive detection of hepatic myofibroblasts in acute liver injury

Abstract

Synaptophysin is expressed on fibrogenic hepatic myofibroblasts. C1–3 is a single chain human antibody (scAb) that binds specifically to synaptophysin on hepatic myofibroblasts, providing a targeting vector for novel in vivo imaging agents of chronic liver disease. C1–3 and a negative control scAb, CSBD9, were radiolabelled with zirconium-89 via desferrioxamine chelation to enable non-invasive molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). DFO-scAb conjugates were characterised by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and MALDI-TOF spectrometry, and ⁸⁹Zr-labelled with high radiolabelling efficiency (99%). [ ⁸⁹Zr]Zr-DFO-C1–3 exhibited high in vitro stability (> 99%) in mouse and human sera over 3 days at 25 and 37 °C. Activated hepatic myofibroblasts incubated with [ ⁸⁹Zr]Zr-DFO-C1–3 displayed significantly higher internalised activity (59.46%, P = 0.001) compared to the [ ⁸⁹Zr]Zr-DFO-CSBD9 control, indicating synaptophysin-mediated uptake and high binding specificity of [ ⁸⁹Zr]Zr-DFO-C1–3. Mice with CCl ₄-induced acute liver damage exhibited significantly higher liver uptake of [ ⁸⁹Zr]Zr-DFO-C1–3, compared to controls, confirmed by both Cerenkov imaging and ex vivo gamma counting (4.41 ± 0.19%ID/g, P < 0.0001). CCl ₄-induced liver damage and the number of hepatic myofibroblasts was confirmed by αSMA staining of liver sections. These findings indicate that [ ⁸⁹Zr]Zr-DFO-C1–3 has promising utility as a PET imaging agent for non-invasive detection of hepatic myofibroblasts following acute liver injury.