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      Mucormycosis: A deadly black fungus infection among COVID-19 patients in India

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          Abstract

          After first phase of Covid-19, the second wave affects a lot to the Indians with mysterious fungal infection known as Mucormycosis. Here, we reviewed clinical pathogenesis, signs, symptoms and treatment against black fungus. The conclusion revealed that use of immunosuppressant to combat Covid-19 also increases the risk to get infected with mucormycosis. Patients with hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, solid organ or bone marrow transplantion, liver cirrhosis, neutropenia are more susceptible to get attacked by Mucormycosis moulds. Early diagnosis, removal of predisposing factors, timely antifungal therapy with surgical removal of all infected tissues and adjunctive therapies are four major factors to eradicate Mucormycosis.

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          Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection

          It has been known that, the novel Coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, which is considered similar to SARS-CoV and originated from Wuhan (China), invades human cells via the receptor angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2). Moreover, lung cells that have ACE2 expression may be the main target cells during 2019-nCoV infection. However, some patients also exhibit non-respiratory symptoms, such as kidney failure, implying that 2019-nCoV could also invade other organs. To construct a risk map of different human organs, we analyzed the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets derived from major human physiological systems, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems. Through scRNA-seq data analyses, we identified the organs at risk, such as lung, heart, esophagus, kidney, bladder, and ileum, and located specific cell types (i.e., type II alveolar cells (AT2), myocardial cells, proximal tubule cells of the kidney, ileum and esophagus epithelial cells, and bladder urothelial cells), which are vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Based on the findings, we constructed a risk map indicating the vulnerability of different organs to 2019-nCoV infection. This study may provide potential clues for further investigation of the pathogenesis and route of 2019-nCoV infection. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0 and is accessible for authorized users.
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            Mild or Moderate Covid-19

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              Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease.

              The worldwide epidemic of obesity has brought considerable attention to research aimed at understanding the biology of adipocytes (fat cells) and the events occurring in adipose tissue (fat) and in the bodies of obese individuals. Accumulating evidence indicates that obesity causes chronic low-grade inflammation and that this contributes to systemic metabolic dysfunction that is associated with obesity-linked disorders. Adipose tissue functions as a key endocrine organ by releasing multiple bioactive substances, known as adipose-derived secreted factors or adipokines, that have pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory activities. Dysregulated production or secretion of these adipokines owing to adipose tissue dysfunction can contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-linked complications. In this Review, we focus on the role of adipokines in inflammatory responses and discuss their potential as regulators of metabolic function.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Clin Epidemiol Glob Health
                Clin Epidemiol Glob Health
                Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health
                Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of INDIACLEN.
                2452-0918
                2213-3984
                1 November 2021
                1 November 2021
                : 100900
                Affiliations
                [1]B R Nahata College of Pharmacy, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur, 458001, India
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author.
                Article
                S2213-3984(21)00208-6 100900
                10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100900
                8559302
                34746515
                838c07a1-c89e-4390-bc95-724635a0120a
                © 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of INDIACLEN.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 14 June 2021
                : 4 August 2021
                : 28 October 2021
                Categories
                Review Article

                covid-19,mucormycosis,black fungus,hyperglycemia,immunosuppressant

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