Neural circuits driving larval locomotion in  Drosophila

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Abstract

More than 30 years of studies into Drosophila melanogaster neurogenesis have revealed fundamental insights into our understanding of axon guidance mechanisms, neural differentiation, and early cell fate decisions. What is less understood is how a group of neurons from disparate anterior-posterior axial positions, lineages and developmental periods of neurogenesis coalesce to form a functional circuit. Using neurogenetic techniques developed in Drosophila it is now possible to study the neural substrates of behavior at single cell resolution. New mapping tools described in this review, allow researchers to chart neural connectivity to better understand how an anatomically simple organism performs complex behaviors.

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Independent Optical Excitation of Distinct Neural Populations

Nathan Klapoetke, Yasunobu Murata, Sung Kim … (2014)

Optogenetic tools enable the causal examination of how specific cell types contribute to brain circuit functions. A long-standing question is whether it is possible to independently activate two distinct neural populations in mammalian brain tissue. Such a capability would enable the examination of how different synapses or pathways interact to support computation. Here we report two new channelrhodopsins, Chronos and Chrimson, obtained through the de novo sequencing and physiological characterization of opsins from over 100 species of algae. Chrimson is 45 nm red-shifted relative to any previous channelrhodopsin, important for scenarios where red light would be preferred; we show minimal visual system mediated behavioral artifact in optogenetically stimulated Drosophila. Chronos has faster kinetics than any previous channelrhodopsin, yet is effectively more light-sensitive. Together, these two reagents enable crosstalk-free two-color activation of neural spiking and downstream synaptic transmission in independent neural populations in mouse brain slice.

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Sensitive red protein calcium indicators for imaging neural activity

Hod Dana, Boaz Mohar, Yi Sun … (2016)

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) allow measurement of activity in large populations of neurons and in small neuronal compartments, over times of milliseconds to months. Although GFP-based GECIs are widely used for in vivo neurophysiology, GECIs with red-shifted excitation and emission spectra have advantages for in vivo imaging because of reduced scattering and absorption in tissue, and a consequent reduction in phototoxicity. However, current red GECIs are inferior to the state-of-the-art GFP-based GCaMP6 indicators for detecting and quantifying neural activity. Here we present improved red GECIs based on mRuby (jRCaMP1a, b) and mApple (jRGECO1a), with sensitivity comparable to GCaMP6. We characterized the performance of the new red GECIs in cultured neurons and in mouse, Drosophila, zebrafish and C. elegans in vivo. Red GECIs facilitate deep-tissue imaging, dual-color imaging together with GFP-based reporters, and the use of optogenetics in combination with calcium imaging. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12727.001

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Targeted expression of tetanus toxin light chain in Drosophila specifically eliminates synaptic transmission and causes behavioral defects.

S. Sweeney, K Broadie, J. Keane … (1995)

Tetanus toxin cleaves the synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin, and the ensuing loss of neurotransmitter exocytosis has implicated synaptobrevin in this process. To further the study of synaptic function in a genetically tractable organism and to generate a tool to disable neuronal communication for behavioural studies, we have expressed a gene encoding tetanus toxin light chain in Drosophila. Toxin expression in embryonic neurons removes detectable synaptobrevin and eliminates evoked, but not spontaneous, synaptic vesicle release. No other developmental or morphological defects are detected. Correspondingly, only synaptobrevin (n-syb), but not the ubiquitously expressed syb protein, is cleaved by tetanus toxin in vitro. Targeted expression of toxin can produce specific behavioral defects; in one case, the olfactory escape response is reduced.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Chris Q. Doe: cdoe@uoregon.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neural Dev

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neural Dev

Title: Neural Development

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1749-8104

Publication date (Electronic): 19 April 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 19 April 2018

Publication date Collection: 2018

Volume: 13

Electronic Location Identifier: 6

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2167 1581, GRID grid.413575.1, Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, ; University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA

[2 ]ISNI 0000000107068890, GRID grid.20861.3d, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, , California Institute of Technology, ; Pasedena, CA 91125 USA

Article

Publisher ID: 103

DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0103-z

PMC ID: 5907184

PubMed ID: 29673388

SO-VID: 83100078-7d6b-4727-bdee-0f3c500bcb99

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 30 January 2018

Date accepted : 5 April 2018

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;

Award ID: HD27056

Award Recipient : Chris Q. Doe

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000071, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development;

Award ID: T32HD007348-24

Award Recipient : Matthew Q. Clark

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000057, National Institute of General Medical Sciences;

Award ID: T32GM007413-36

Award Recipient : Matthew Q. Clark

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences

Keywords: locomotion,locomotor circuits,sensorimotor,wave propagation,navigation,neurodevelopment,multisensory integration

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences

Keywords: locomotion, locomotor circuits, sensorimotor, wave propagation, navigation, neurodevelopment, multisensory integration

Neural circuits driving larval locomotion in Drosophila

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Abstract

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Neuronal Signaling

Most cited references 104

Independent Optical Excitation of Distinct Neural Populations

Sensitive red protein calcium indicators for imaging neural activity

Targeted expression of tetanus toxin light chain in Drosophila specifically eliminates synaptic transmission and causes behavioral defects.

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