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      Misophonia in the UK: Prevalence and norms from the S-Five in a UK representative sample

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          Abstract

          What is the reality of the misophonic experience in the general population? This is a study on misophonia in a large sample, representative of the UK general population. The study utilises a multidimensional psychometric tool, the S-Five, to study the intensity of the triggering misophonic sounds in everyday activities, the emotions/feelings related to them, and the norms of the key components of the misophonic experience: internalising and externalising appraisals, perceived threat and avoidance behaviours, outbursts, and the impact on functioning. Based on the S-Five scores and a semi-structured interview delivered by clinicians who specialise in misophonia, the estimated prevalence of people for whom symptoms of misophonia cause a significant burden in their life in the UK was estimated to be 18%. The psychometric properties of the S-Five in the UK general population were also evaluated and differences across gender and age were explored. Our results show that the five-factor structure is reproduced, and that the S-Five is a reliable and valid scale for the measurement of the severity of the misophonic experience in the general UK population.

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          Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives

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            A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

            Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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              The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                22 March 2023
                2023
                : 18
                : 3
                : e0282777
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Biostatistics and Health Informatics Department, Psychometrics and Measurement Lab, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
                [2 ] Centre for Anxiety Disorders and Trauma, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
                [3 ] Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
                [4 ] Oxford Health Specialist Psychological Interventions Centre, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
                University of Valencia: Universitat de Valencia, SPAIN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1209-8167
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8528-8167
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9030-8732
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-6643
                Article
                PONE-D-22-17376
                10.1371/journal.pone.0282777
                10032546
                36947525
                8224b637-8ee5-4b5e-b30d-285ed7f95a07
                © 2023 Vitoratou et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 17 June 2022
                : 22 February 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 6, Pages: 18
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010269, Wellcome Trust;
                Award ID: 102176/B/13/Z
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London
                Award Recipient :
                SV, CH, OP and NUM were funded by the NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London. This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Wellcome Trust [JG; Grant number 102176/B/13/Z]. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, The Wellcome Trust, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. There was no additional external funding received for this study.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Neuropsychiatric Disorders
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychometrics
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychometrics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Neuropsychiatric Disorders
                Anxiety Disorders
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Neuroses
                Anxiety Disorders
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Survey Research
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                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Factor Analysis
                Physical Sciences
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                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Respiration
                Breathing
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Clinical Research Design
                Symptom Scales
                Custom metadata
                The data used in this study are available from https://reshare.ukdataservice.ac.uk/856149/ (Vitoratou, Silia (2023). Misophonia in the UK: Prevalence and Norms for the S-Five in a UK Representative Sample, 2020-2022. [Data Collection]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Service. 10.5255/UKDA-SN-856149).

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