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      Puumala Hantavirus Excretion Kinetics in Bank Voles ( Myodes glareolus)

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          Abstract

          One-sentence summary for table of contents: Virus may be transmitted by saliva, urine, and feces, and saliva may play a role in transmission to humans.

          Abstract

          Puumala hantavirus is present in bank voles ( Myodes glareolus) and is believed to be spread mainly by contaminated excretions. In this study, we subcutaneously inoculated 10 bank voles with Puumala virus and sampled excretions until day 133 postinfection. Levels of shed viral RNA peaked within 11–28, 14–21, and 11–28 days postinfection for saliva, urine, and feces, respectively. The latest detection of viral RNA was 84, 44, and 44 days postinfection in saliva, urine, and feces, respectively. In contrast, blood of 5 of 6 animals contained viral RNA at day 133 postinfection, suggesting that bank voles secrete virus only during a limited time of the infection. Intranasal inoculations with bank vole saliva, urine, or feces were all infectious for virus-negative bank voles, indicating that these 3 transmission routes may occur in nature and that rodent saliva might play a role in transmission to humans.

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          Hantaviruses: a global disease problem.

          C Schmaljohn, B Hjelle (1997)
          Hantaviruses are carried by numerous rodent species throughout the world. In 1993, a previously unknown group of hantaviruses emerged in the United States as the cause of an acute respiratory disease now termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Before than, hantaviruses were known as the etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, a disease that occurs almost entirely in the Eastern Hemisphere. Since the discovery of the HPS-causing hantaviruses, intense investigation of the ecology and epidemiology of hantaviruses has led to the discovery of many other novel hantaviruses. Their ubiquity and potential for causing severe human illness make these viruses an important public health concern; we reviewed the distribution, ecology, disease potential, and genetic spectrum.
          Article 0 comments Cited 206 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Hantavirus infections in Europe.

            Olli Vapalahti, Jukka Mustonen, Åke Lundkvist … (2003)
            Hantaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses each carried by a specific rodent species. Three hantaviruses, Puumala, Dobrava, and Saaremaa viruses, are known to cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. In Europe. Puumala causes a generally mild disease, nephropathia epidemica, which presents most commonly with fever, headache, gastrointestinal symptoms, impaired renal function, and blurred vision, whereas Dobrava infections often also have haemorrhagic complications. There are few available data about the clinical picture of confirmed Saaremaa infections, but epidemiological evidence suggests that it is less pathogenic than Dobrava, and that Saaremaa infections are more similar to nephropathia epidemica caused by Puumala. Along with its rodent host, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), Puumala is reported throughout most of Europe (excluding the Mediterranean region), whereas Dobrava, carried by the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis), and Saaremaa, carried by the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), are reported mainly in eastern and central Europe. The diagnosis of acute hantavirus infection is based on the detection of virus-specific IgM. Whereas Puumala is distinct, Dobrava and Saaremaa are genetically and antigenically very closely related and were previously thought to be variants of the same virus. Typing of a specific hantavirus infection requires neutralisation antibody assays or reverse transcriptase PCR and sequencing.
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              Real-time PCR in the microbiology laboratory.

              I MacKay (2004)
              Use of PCR in the field of molecular diagnostics has increased to the point where it is now accepted as the standard method for detecting nucleic acids from a number of sample and microbial types. However, conventional PCR was already an essential tool in the research laboratory. Real-time PCR has catalysed wider acceptance of PCR because it is more rapid, sensitive and reproducible, while the risk of carryover contamination is minimised. There is an increasing number of chemistries which are used to detect PCR products as they accumulate within a closed reaction vessel during real-time PCR. These include the non-specific DNA-binding fluorophores and the specific, fluorophore-labelled oligonucleotide probes, some of which will be discussed in detail. It is not only the technology that has changed with the introduction of real-time PCR. Accompanying changes have occurred in the traditional terminology of PCR, and these changes will be highlighted as they occur. Factors that have restricted the development of multiplex real-time PCR, as well as the role of real-time PCR in the quantitation and genotyping of the microbial causes of infectious disease, will also be discussed. Because the amplification hardware and the fluorogenic detection chemistries have evolved rapidly, this review aims to update the scientist on the current state of the art. Additionally, the advantages, limitations and general background of real-time PCR technology will be reviewed in the context of the microbiology laboratory.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): August 2008
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 1209-1215
                Affiliations
                [* ]Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
                [† ]Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
                [‡ ]Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
                [§ ]Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå
                [1 ]These authors contributed equally to this article.
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Jonas Hardestam, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden; email: jonas.hardestam@ 123456smi.ki.se
                Article
                Publisher ID: 08-0221
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1408.080221
                PMC ID: 2600398
                PubMed ID: 18680643
                SO-VID: 80fe51a2-d8b4-49af-825e-db894b813665
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: zoonosis,bank vole,puumala hantavirus,research,saliva,feces,transmission,urine,nephropathia epidemica,real-time rt-pcr,shedding
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: zoonosis, bank vole, puumala hantavirus, research, saliva, feces, transmission, urine, nephropathia epidemica, real-time rt-pcr, shedding

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