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      COVID-19 unmasked: preschool children’s negative thoughts and worries during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia Translated title: COVID-19 desenmascarado: pensamientos negativos y preocupaciones de niños preescolares durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Australia Translated title: 未公开的COVID-19: 澳大利亚COVID-19疫情期间学龄前儿童的消极想法和担忧

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences are stressful for many children and their families. Previous research with school-aged children has shown that negative thoughts and worries can predict mental health symptoms following stressful events. So far preschool children have been neglected in these investigations.

          Objective: The aim of this study was to explore negative thoughts and worries that preschool aged children are having during the COVID-19 pandemic.

          Method: As part of a larger mixed-method study, caregivers of = 399 preschoolers aged between 3 and 5 years ( M = 4.41) answered open-ended questions about their COVID-19 related thoughts and worries. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to identify relevant themes from the qualitative data. A theoretical model of child thoughts and worries was developed based on these qualitative findings and the existing empirical and theoretical literature.

          Results: Caregivers gave examples that indicated that preschoolers had difficulties understanding causality and overestimated the risk of COVID-19 infection. Caregivers reported that their children expressed worries about getting sick and infecting others as well as about changes in daily life becoming permanent. Caregivers observed their children’s preoccupation with COVID-19 and worries in conversations, play and drawings as well as in behavioural changes – increased arousal, cautiousness, avoidance and attachment-seeking behaviour.

          Conclusion: Preschool children can and do express negative thoughts and worries and have also experienced threat and increased vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic. A theoretical model is proposed that could inform assessments, interventions and future research in the field.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • In the COVID-19 Unmasked study, caregivers reported that preschoolers struggled to understand the current restrictions.

          • Preschoolers were worried of getting the virus and that changes might become permanent.

          • Caregivers reported increased child avoidance, arousal and clinginess.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: la pandemia de COVID-19 y sus consecuencias son estresantes para muchos niños y sus familias. Investigaciones previas con niños en edad escolar han demostrado que los pensamientos negativos y las preocupaciones pueden predecir síntomas de salud mental luego de eventos estresantes. Hasta ahora, los niños en edad preescolar han sido desatendidos en estas investigaciones.

          Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar los pensamientos negativos y las preocupaciones que los niños en edad preescolar están teniendo durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

          Método: Como parte de un estudio más amplio de métodos mixtos, los cuidadores de = 399 niños en edad preescolar de entre 3 y 5 años ( M = 4,41) respondieron preguntas abiertas sobre sus pensamientos y preocupaciones relacionados con COVID-19. Se utilizó un análisis temático reflexivo para identificar temas relevantes a partir de los datos cualitativos. Se desarrolló un modelo teórico de los pensamientos y preocupaciones de los niños, basado en estos hallazgos cualitativos como también la literatura empírica y teórica existente.

          Resultados: Los cuidadores dieron ejemplos que indicaban que los niños en edad preescolar tenían dificultades para comprender causalidad, y sobrestimaban el riesgo de infección por COVID-19. Los cuidadores informaron que sus hijos expresaron preocupación por enfermarse e infectar a otros, así como también que los cambios en la vida diaria se vuelvan permanentes. Los cuidadores observaron la preocupación de sus hijos por el COVID-19 en conversaciones, juegos y dibujos, así como también en cambios de conducta: aumento de la alerta, cautela, evitación y comportamientos de búsqueda de apego.

          Conclusión: Los niños en edad preescolar pueden y logran expresar pensamientos y preocupaciones negativos, y también han experimentado amenaza y una mayor vulnerabilidad durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Se propone un modelo teórico que podría sustentar evaluaciones, intervenciones e investigaciones futuras en esta área.

          Translated abstract

          背景: COVID-19疫情及其后果对许多儿童及其家庭造成压力。先前对学龄儿童的研究表明, 消极想法和担忧可以预测压力事件后的心理健康症状。迄今为止, 学龄前儿童在这些调查中被忽略了。

          目的: 本研究旨在探讨COVID-19疫情期间学龄前儿童所具有的消极想法和担忧。

          方法: 作为一项更大型混合方法研究的一部分, N = 399名3至5岁 ( M = 4.41) 的学龄前儿童的保姆回答了其COVID-19相关想法和担忧的开放性问题。自反主题分析用于从定性数据中识别相关主题。基于这些定性发现以及现有经验和理论文献, 建立了一个儿童想法和担忧的理论模型。

          结果: 照顾者举的例子表明, 学龄前儿童难以理解因果关系, 并高估了COVID-19的感染风险。照顾者报告了他们的孩子对生病和感染他人以及日常生活的改变的担忧变成了永久性的。照顾者观察到他们的孩子沉迷于COVID-19, 并在对话, 玩耍和绘画以及行为改变方面感到担忧–提高了唤起, 谨慎, 回避和寻求依恋行为。

          结论: 学龄前儿童可以并且确实表达消极想法和担忧, 并且在COVID-19疫情期间也体验到了威胁并提高的脆弱性。提出了一种理论模型, 可以为该领域的评估, 干预和未来研究提供参考。

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          Using thematic analysis in psychology

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            One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis?

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              Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19

              Psychological health problems, especially emotional disorders, are common among adolescents. The epidemiology of emotional disorders is greatly influenced by stressful events. This study sought to assess the prevalence rate and socio-demographic correlates of depressive and anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents affected by the outbreak of COVID-19. We conducted a cross-sectional study among Chinese students aged 12–18 years during the COVID-19 epidemic period. An online survey was used to conduct rapid assessment. A total of 8079 participants were involved in the study. An online survey was used to collect demographic data, assess students’ awareness of COVID-19, and assess depressive and anxiety symptoms with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire, respectively. The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and a combination of depressive and anxiety symptoms was 43.7%, 37.4%, and 31.3%, respectively, among Chinese high school students during the COVID-19 outbreak. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that female gender was the higher risk factor for depressive and anxiety symptoms. In terms of grades, senior high school was a risk factor for depressive and anxiety symptoms; the higher the grade, the greater the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Our findings show there is a high prevalence of psychological health problems among adolescents, which are negatively associated with the level of awareness of COVID-19. These findings suggest that the government needs to pay more attention to psychological health among adolescents while combating COVID-19. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00787-020-01541-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                28 June 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1924442
                Affiliations
                [a ]Child and Community Wellbeing Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne; , Melbourne, Australia
                [b ]Queensland Centre for Perinatal & Infant Mental Health, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service & Child Health Research Centre; , Brisbane, Australia
                [c ]School of Psychology, University of Queensland; , Brisbane, Australia
                Author notes
                CONTACT Mira Vasileva mira.vasileva@ 123456unimelb.edu.au Child and Community Wellbeing Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne; , 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC3053, Australia
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6575-0860
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-606X
                Article
                1924442
                10.1080/20008198.2021.1924442
                8245093
                34249241
                7f2c555c-cb4e-4f8e-a1dc-7df8a6b6be13
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, References: 38, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Research Article
                Basic Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                preschool,covid-19,worries,negative thoughts,qualitative,preescolares,preocupaciones,pensamientos negativos,cualitativo,学龄前,担忧,消极想法,定性

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