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      Noble gases and nitrogen in samples of asteroid Ryugu record its volatile sources and recent surface evolution

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      American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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          Abstract

          The near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu is expected to contain volatile chemical species that could provide information on the origin of Earth’s volatiles. Samples of Ryugu were retrieved by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We measure noble gas and nitrogen isotopes in Ryugu samples, finding they are dominated by pre-solar and primordial components, incorporated during Solar System formation. Noble gas concentrations are higher than those in Ivuna-type carbonaceous (CI) chondrite meteorites. Several host phases of isotopically distinct nitrogen have heterogeneous abundances between the samples. Our measurements support a close relationship between Ryugu and CI chondrites. Noble gases produced by galactic cosmic rays, indicating ~5 Myr exposure, and from implanted solar wind, record the recent irradiation history of Ryugu after it migrated to its current orbit.

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          For the past twenty five years the NIH family of imaging software, NIH Image and ImageJ have been pioneers as open tools for scientific image analysis. We discuss the origins, challenges and solutions of these two programs, and how their history can serve to advise and inform other software projects.
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                Journal
                Science
                Science
                American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
                0036-8075
                1095-9203
                October 20 2022
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
                [2 ]Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, Université de Lorraine, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, F-54000 Nancy, France.
                [3 ]Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
                [4 ]Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito 310-8512, Japan.
                [5 ]Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
                [6 ]Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA.
                [7 ]Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
                [8 ]Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
                [9 ]Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
                [10 ]Department of Physical Sciences, Kingsborough Community College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11235, USA.
                [11 ]Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA.
                [12 ]Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
                [13 ]Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan.
                [14 ]Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
                [15 ]Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan.
                [16 ]Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan.
                [17 ]Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
                [18 ]Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan.
                [19 ]Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan.
                [20 ]Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan.
                [21 ]Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka 590-0494, Japan.
                [22 ]Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
                [23 ]Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
                [24 ]Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea.
                [25 ]School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
                [26 ]Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
                [27 ]Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
                [28 ]Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
                [29 ]Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
                [30 ]Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
                [31 ]UTokyo Organization for Planetary and Space Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
                [32 ]Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan.
                [33 ]Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
                [34 ]Aizu Research Cluster for Space Science, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan.
                [35 ]Center of Data Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
                [36 ]Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
                [37 ]JAXA Space Exploration Center, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
                [38 ]Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan.
                [39 ]National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan.
                [40 ]Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan.
                [41 ]Faculty of Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan.
                [42 ]Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
                [43 ]Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
                [44 ]Research and Development Directorate, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
                [45 ]Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
                [46 ]Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, University of La Laguna, 38205 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
                [47 ]Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan.
                [48 ]Marine Works Japan Ltd., Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan.
                [49 ]Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
                [50 ]Department of Geology, School of Earth and Environment, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
                [51 ]Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85705, USA.
                Article
                10.1126/science.abo0431
                36264828
                7e59f265-8552-41b1-b4df-3a73f9f4b8a7
                © 2022
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