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      A dehydrated space-weathered skin cloaking the hydrated interior of Ryugu

      research-article
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      Nature Astronomy
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Meteoritics, Planetary science

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          Abstract

          Without a protective atmosphere, space-exposed surfaces of airless Solar System bodies gradually experience an alteration in composition, structure and optical properties through a collective process called space weathering. The return of samples from near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu by Hayabusa2 provides the first opportunity for laboratory study of space-weathering signatures on the most abundant type of inner solar system body: a C-type asteroid, composed of materials largely unchanged since the formation of the Solar System. Weathered Ryugu grains show areas of surface amorphization and partial melting of phyllosilicates, in which reduction from Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ and dehydration developed. Space weathering probably contributed to dehydration by dehydroxylation of Ryugu surface phyllosilicates that had already lost interlayer water molecules and to weakening of the 2.7 µm hydroxyl (–OH) band in reflectance spectra. For C-type asteroids in general, this indicates that a weak 2.7 µm band can signify space-weathering-induced surface dehydration, rather than bulk volatile loss.

          Abstract

          A close-up look at the action of space weathering on carbonaceous asteroids, provided by Ryugu’s returned samples, highlights its role on the dehydration of the first micrometre-thick layer of the surface, possibly hiding a water-rich interior. The depth of the 2.7 µm hydration band may be an indication of the level of space weathering withstood by a C-type asteroid.

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          ATHENA, ARTEMIS, HEPHAESTUS: data analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy using IFEFFIT.

          A software package for the analysis of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data is presented. This package is based on the IFEFFIT library of numerical and XAS algorithms and is written in the Perl programming language using the Perl/Tk graphics toolkit. The programs described here are: (i) ATHENA, a program for XAS data processing, (ii) ARTEMIS, a program for EXAFS data analysis using theoretical standards from FEFF and (iii) HEPHAESTUS, a collection of beamline utilities based on tables of atomic absorption data. These programs enable high-quality data analysis that is accessible to novices while still powerful enough to meet the demands of an expert practitioner. The programs run on all major computer platforms and are freely available under the terms of a free software license.
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            Collisional balance of the meteoritic complex

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              The geomorphology, color, and thermal properties of Ryugu: Implications for parent-body processes

              The near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid 162173 Ryugu is thought to have been produced from a parent body that contained water ice and organic molecules. The Hayabusa2 spacecraft has obtained global multi-color images of Ryugu. Geomorphological features present include a circum-equatorial ridge, east/west dichotomy, high boulder abundances across the entire surface, and impact craters. Age estimates from the craters indicate a resurfacing age of years for the top 1-meter layer. Ryugu is among the darkest known bodies in the Solar System. The high abundance and spectral properties of boulders are consistent with moderately dehydrated materials, analogous to thermally metamorphosed meteorites found on Earth. The general uniformity in color across Ryugu’s surface supports partial dehydration due to internal heating of the asteroid’s parent body.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                noguchi.takaaki.2i@kyoto-u.ac.jp
                Journal
                Nat Astron
                Nat Astron
                Nature Astronomy
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2397-3366
                19 December 2022
                19 December 2022
                2023
                : 7
                : 2
                : 170-181
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.258799.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0372 2033, Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, , Kyoto University, ; Kyoto, Japan
                [2 ]GRID grid.258799.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0372 2033, The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, , Kyoto University, ; Kyoto, Japan
                [3 ]GRID grid.258799.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0372 2033, Institute for Chemical Research, , Kyoto University, ; Kyoto, Japan
                [4 ]GRID grid.177174.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2242 4849, Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, , Kyushu University, ; Fukuoka, Japan
                [5 ]GRID grid.177174.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2242 4849, Pan-Omics Data-Driven Research Innovation Center, , Kyushu University, ; Fukuoka, Japan
                [6 ]GRID grid.177174.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2242 4849, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, , Kyushu University, ; Fukuoka, Japan
                [7 ]GRID grid.177174.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2242 4849, The Ultramicroscopy Research Center, , Kyushu University, ; Fukuoka, Japan
                [8 ]Department of Geosciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
                [9 ]GRID grid.257022.0, ISNI 0000 0000 8711 3200, Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, , Hiroshima University, ; Hiroshima, Japan
                [10 ]GRID grid.410588.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2191 0132, Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, X-Star, , JAMSTEC, ; Nankoku, Japan
                [11 ]GRID grid.410445.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2188 0957, Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, , The University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, ; Honolulu, HI USA
                [12 ]GRID grid.503422.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2242 6780, Unité Matériaux et Transformations UMR 8207, , Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, ; Lille, France
                [13 ]GRID grid.503422.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2242 6780, Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul FR 2638, , Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Université Artois, ; Lille, France
                [14 ]GRID grid.9613.d, ISNI 0000 0001 1939 2794, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, ; Jena, Germany
                [15 ]GRID grid.423669.c, European Space Resources Innovation Centre, , Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, ; Belvaux, Luxembourg
                [16 ]GRID grid.450308.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0369 268X, Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), , Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, ; Grenoble, France
                [17 ]GRID grid.419086.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0637 6754, NASA Langley Research Center, ; Hampton, VA USA
                [18 ]GRID grid.29857.31, ISNI 0000 0001 2097 4281, Materials Characterization Lab, , The Pennsylvania State University Materials Research Institute, ; University Park, USA
                [19 ]GRID grid.134563.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2168 186X, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, , The University of Arizona, ; Tucson, AZ USA
                [20 ]GRID grid.169077.e, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 2197, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, , Purdue University, ; West Lafayette, IN USA
                [21 ]GRID grid.215654.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2151 2636, Buseck Center for Meteorite Studies, , Arizona State University, ; Tempe, AZ USA
                [22 ]GRID grid.89170.37, ISNI 0000 0004 0591 0193, Materials Science and Technology Division, , US Naval Research Laboratory, ; Washington, DC USA
                [23 ]GRID grid.89170.37, ISNI 0000 0004 0591 0193, NRC Postdoctoral Research Associate, , US Naval Research Laboratory, ; Washington, DC USA
                [24 ]GRID grid.9918.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8411, Space Park Leichester, , The University of Leicester, ; Leicester, UK
                [25 ]GRID grid.9918.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8411, School of Geology, Geography and the Environment, , The University of Leicester, ; Leicester, UK
                [26 ]GRID grid.8756.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2193 314X, School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, , The University of Glasgow, ; Glasgow, UK
                [27 ]GRID grid.1013.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 834X, Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, , The University of Sydney, ; Sydney, New South Wales Australia
                [28 ]GRID grid.4991.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, Department of Materials, , The University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
                [29 ]GRID grid.1032.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0375 4078, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, , Curtin University, ; Perth, Western Australia Australia
                [30 ]GRID grid.419085.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0613 2864, ARES, NASA Johnson Space Center, ; Houston, TX USA
                [31 ]GRID grid.487016.c, Jacobs Engineering, ; Dallas, TX USA
                [32 ]GRID grid.262576.2, ISNI 0000 0000 8863 9909, Research Organization of Science and Technology, , Ritsumeikan University, ; Kusatsu, Japan
                [33 ]GRID grid.454798.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0644 5393, CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ; Guangzhou, China
                [34 ]GRID grid.454798.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0644 5393, CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, ; Guangzhou, China
                [35 ]GRID grid.472717.0, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI/SPring-8), ; Sayo, Japan
                [36 ]GRID grid.410726.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1797 8419, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Beijing, China
                [37 ]GRID grid.255464.4, ISNI 0000 0001 1011 3808, Department of Mathematics, Physics, and Earth Science, , Ehime University, ; Matsuyama, Japan
                [38 ]GRID grid.26999.3d, ISNI 0000 0001 2151 536X, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, , The University of Tokyo, ; Tokyo, Japan
                [39 ]GRID grid.258622.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9967, Faculty of Engineering, , Kindai University, ; Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
                [40 ]GRID grid.69566.3a, ISNI 0000 0001 2248 6943, Department of Earth Science, , Tohoku University, ; Sendai, Japan
                [41 ]GRID grid.62167.34, ISNI 0000 0001 2220 7916, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, , Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, ; Sagamihara, Japan
                [42 ]GRID grid.275033.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1763 208X, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), ; Hayama, Japan
                [43 ]GRID grid.31432.37, ISNI 0000 0001 1092 3077, Department of Planetology, , Kobe University, ; Kobe, Japan
                [44 ]GRID grid.265880.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1763 0236, Aizu Research Center for Space Informatics, , The University of Aizu, ; Fukushima, Japan
                [45 ]GRID grid.278276.e, ISNI 0000 0001 0659 9825, Department of Information Science, , Kochi University, ; Kochi, Japan
                [46 ]GRID grid.31501.36, ISNI 0000 0004 0470 5905, Department of Physics and Astronomy, , Seoul National University, ; Seoul, Korea
                [47 ]GRID grid.254124.4, ISNI 0000 0001 2294 246X, Planetary Exploration Research Center, , Chiba Institute of Technology, ; Chiba, Japan
                [48 ]GRID grid.458494.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2325 4255, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, ; Tokyo, Japan
                [49 ]GRID grid.260975.f, ISNI 0000 0001 0671 5144, Faculty of Science, , Niigata University, ; Niigata, Japan
                [50 ]GRID grid.262564.1, ISNI 0000 0001 1092 0677, Department of Physics, , Rikkyo University, ; Tokyo, Japan
                [51 ]GRID grid.17423.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1767 6621, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, University of La Laguna, ; Tenerife, Spain
                [52 ]GRID grid.419709.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0371 3508, Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Kanagawa Institute of Technology, ; Atsugi, Japan
                [53 ]Marine Works Japan Ltd, Yokosuka, Japan
                [54 ]GRID grid.262671.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8828 4546, Department of Geology, , Rowan University, ; Glassboro, NJ USA
                [55 ]GRID grid.39158.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2173 7691, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, , Hokkaido University, ; Sapporo, Japan
                [56 ]GRID grid.39158.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2173 7691, Creative Research Institution Sousei, , Hokkaido University, ; Sapporo, Japan
                [57 ]GRID grid.177174.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2242 4849, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, , Kyushu University, ; Fukuoka, Japan
                [58 ]GRID grid.26999.3d, ISNI 0000 0001 2151 536X, UTokyo Organization for Planetary and Space Science, , The University of Tokyo, ; Tokyo, Japan
                [59 ]GRID grid.27476.30, ISNI 0000 0001 0943 978X, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, , Nagoya University, ; Nagoya, Japan
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7211-2595
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4404-9813
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                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2020-3476
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                Article
                1841
                10.1038/s41550-022-01841-6
                9943745
                36845884
                6fd18e92-ae63-4f93-8d92-7a68ff83de5d
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 26 April 2022
                : 24 October 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001691, MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS);
                Award ID: 19KK0094
                Award ID: 21H05424
                Award ID: 19H00725
                Award ID: 19KK0094
                Award ID: 21H05424
                Award ID: 19KK0094
                Award ID: 20H00198
                Award ID: 20H00205
                Award ID: 16H06348
                Award ID: 20H00205
                Award ID: JP15H05695
                Award ID: JP15H05695
                Award ID: 20H00188
                Award ID: 20H00205
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: ISITE ULNE, Métropole Européenne de Lille, the region “Hauts-de-France” and the ERDF program of the European Union
                Funded by: European Research Council #771691
                Funded by: Start-up funds from Purdue University
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100013266, RCUK | STFC | Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council (Central Laser Facility at the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory);
                Award ID: ST/S000429/1
                Award ID: ST/S000429/1
                Award ID: ST/T002328/1
                Award ID: ST/T002328/1
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                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2023

                meteoritics,planetary science
                meteoritics, planetary science

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