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      God’s punishment and public goods : A test of the supernatural punishment hypothesis in 186 world cultures

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      Journal: Human Nature
      Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

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          Abstract

          Cooperation towards public goods relies on credible threats of punishment to deter cheats. However, punishing is costly, so it remains unclear who incurred the costs of enforcement in our evolutionary past. Theoretical work suggests that human cooperation may be promoted if people believe in supernatural punishment for moral transgressions. This theory is supported by new work in cognitive psychology and by anecdotal ethnographic evidence, but formal quantitative tests remain to be done. Using data from 186 societies around the globe, I test whether the likelihood of supernatural punishment-indexed by the importance of moralizing "high gods"-is associated with cooperation.

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          Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards.

          Samuel M McClure, David I Laibson, George Loewenstein … (2004)
          When humans are offered the choice between rewards available at different points in time, the relative values of the options are discounted according to their expected delays until delivery. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the neural correlates of time discounting while subjects made a series of choices between monetary reward options that varied by delay to delivery. We demonstrate that two separate systems are involved in such decisions. Parts of the limbic system associated with the midbrain dopamine system, including paralimbic cortex, are preferentially activated by decisions involving immediately available rewards. In contrast, regions of the lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex are engaged uniformly by intertemporal choices irrespective of delay. Furthermore, the relative engagement of the two systems is directly associated with subjects' choices, with greater relative fronto-parietal activity when subjects choose longer term options.
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            The neural basis of altruistic punishment.

            Dominique de Quervain, Urs Fischbacher, Valerie Treyer … (2004)
            Many people voluntarily incur costs to punish violations of social norms. Evolutionary models and empirical evidence indicate that such altruistic punishment has been a decisive force in the evolution of human cooperation. We used H2 15O positron emission tomography to examine the neural basis for altruistic punishment of defectors in an economic exchange. Subjects could punish defection either symbolically or effectively. Symbolic punishment did not reduce the defector's economic payoff, whereas effective punishment did reduce the payoff. We scanned the subjects' brains while they learned about the defector's abuse of trust and determined the punishment. Effective punishment, as compared with symbolic punishment, activated the dorsal striatum, which has been implicated in the processing of rewards that accrue as a result of goal-directed actions. Moreover, subjects with stronger activations in the dorsal striatum were willing to incur greater costs in order to punish. Our findings support the hypothesis that people derive satisfaction from punishing norm violations and that the activation in the dorsal striatum reflects the anticipated satisfaction from punishing defectors.
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              Covenants with and without a Sword: Self-Governance Is Possible.

              Elinor Ostrom, James Walker, Roy Gardner (1992)
              Article 0 comments Cited 264 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Human Nature
                Abbreviated Title: Hum Nat
                Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                ISSN (Print): 1045-6767
                ISSN (Electronic): 1936-4776
                Publication date Created: December 2005
                Publication date (Print): December 2005
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 410-446
                Article
                DOI: 10.1007/s12110-005-1017-0
                PubMed ID: 26189839
                SO-VID: 7d11120e-d212-4c9f-b021-f17f5c578d2c
                Copyright © © 2005
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                http://www.springer.com/tdm

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