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      Diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in Tigray, Ethiopia: retrospective observational study

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          Abstract

          Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most severe acute complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus which results in increased risk of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries.

          Objective: To assess prevalence and associated factors of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in hospitals of the Tigray region, Ethiopia.

          Methods: A facility based retrospective observational study design was conducted in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children and adolescents up to the age of 18 years who were registered in 13 general and two referral hospitals from January 1, 2013 to December 30, 2017. The diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis was made with the criteria below, Children presenting with polysymptoms, weight loss, vomiting, dehydration, and also the indirect signs or effects of acidosis on respiratory and central nervous systems like Kussmaul breathing, lethargy or coma and biochemically random blood sugar level >11 ml/L, glucosuria and urine ketone >+1 and diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for the first time. Descriptive, Mann–Whitney U and logistic regression analysis were carried out to describe and identify the associated factors with diabetic ketoacidosis.

          Results: More than three-quarters, 258/328 (78.7%) of the newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes patients, presented with diabetic ketoacidosis at initial diagnosis. Median age of diabetic ketoacidosis patients was 11 years. The patients with diabetic ketoacidosis were younger than nondiabetic ketoacidosis patients (11 vs 13 years, P=0.002). The mortality rate of diabetic ketoacidosis was 4.3%. Young age, presence of precipitating factors and symptoms of DKA/diabetes were found to be highly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis at initial diagnosis.

          Conclusions: The prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis was alarmingly high. Young age group patients, precipitating factors and the presence of symptoms of diabetes/DKA like excessive drinking, vomiting and fatigue were highly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis.

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          Most cited references15

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          Factors associated with the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes in children and young adults: a systematic review

          Objective To identify the factors associated with diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and young adults. Design Systematic review. Data sources PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cinahl and article reference lists. Study selection Cohort studies including unselected groups of children and young adults presenting with new onset type 1 diabetes that distinguished between those who presented in diabetic ketoacidosis and those who did not and included a measurement of either pH or bicarbonate in the definition of diabetic ketoacidosis. There were no restrictions on language of publication. Results 46 studies involving more than 24 000 children in 31 countries were included. Together they compared 23 different factors. Factors associated with increased risk were younger age (for <2 years old v older, odds ratio 3.41 (95% confidence interval 2.54 to 4.59), for <5 years v older, odds ratio 1.59 (1.38 to 1.84)), diagnostic error (odds ratio 3.35 (2.35 to 4.79)), ethnic minority, lack of health insurance in the US (odds ratio 3.20 (2.03 to 5.04)), lower body mass index, preceding infection (odds ratio 3.14 (0.94 to 10.47)), and delayed treatment (odds ratio 1.74 (1.10 to 2.77)). Protective factors were having a first degree relative with type 1 diabetes at the time of diagnosis (odds ratio 0.33 (0.08 to 1.26)), higher parental education (odds ratios 0.4 (0.20 to 0.79) and 0.64 (0.43 to 0.94) in two studies), and higher background incidence of type 1 diabetes (correlation coefficient –0.715). The mean duration of symptoms was similar between children presenting with or without diabetic ketoacidosis (16.5 days (standard error 6.2) and 17.1 days (6.0) respectively), and up to 38.8% (285/735) of children who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis had been seen at least once by a doctor before diagnosis. Conclusions Multiple factors affect the risk of developing diabetic ketoacidosis at the onset of type 1 diabetes in children and young adults, and there is potential time, scope, and opportunity to intervene between symptom onset and development of diabetic ketoacidosis for both parents and clinicians.
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            Variation between countries in the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis at first presentation of type 1 diabetes in children: a systematic review

            Aims/hypothesis Type 1 diabetes is the most frequent endocrine disease in children, with 65,000 children diagnosed worldwide every year. Up to 80% of these children present with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is associated with both short-term risks and long-term consequences. This study aimed to characterise the worldwide variation in presentation of type 1 diabetes to inform future interventions to reduce this excess morbidity and mortality. Methods This was a systematic review of studies indexed on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus or CINAHL before March 2011 that included unselected groups of children presenting with new-onset type 1 diabetes, reported the proportion presenting with DKA and used a definition of DKA based on measurement of pH or bicarbonate. Results Sixty-five studies of cohorts comprising over 29,000 children in 31 countries were included. The frequency of DKA at diagnosis ranged from 12.8% to 80%, with highest frequencies in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Romania, and the lowest in Sweden, the Slovak Republic and Canada. Multivariable modelling showed the frequency of DKA was inversely associated with gross domestic product, latitude and background incidence of type 1 diabetes. Conclusions/interpretation This is the first description of the variation in frequency of DKA at presentation of type 1 diabetes in children across countries. It demonstrates large variations that may, at least in part, be explained by different levels of disease awareness and healthcare provision and suggests ways to decrease the excess morbidity and mortality associated with DKA at diagnosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2690-2) contains peer-reviewed but unedited supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.
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              The risk and outcome of cerebral oedema developing during diabetic ketoacidosis.

              Cerebral oedema is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with insulin dependent diabetes. To determine the risk and outcome of cerebral oedema complicating diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). All cases of cerebral oedema in England, Scotland, and Wales were reported through the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit between October 1995 and September 1998. All episodes of DKA were reported by 225 paediatricians identified as involved in the care of children with diabetes through a separate reporting system between March 1996 and February 1998. Further information about presentation, management, and outcome was requested about the cases of cerebral oedema. The risk of cerebral oedema was investigated in relation to age, sex, seasonality, and whether diabetes was newly or previously diagnosed. A total of 34 cases of cerebral oedema and 2940 episodes of DKA were identified. The calculated risk of developing cerebral oedema was 6.8 per 1000 episodes of DKA. This was higher in new (11.9 per 1000 episodes) as opposed to established (3.8 per 1000) diabetes. There was no sex or age difference. Cerebral oedema was associated with a significant mortality (24%) and morbidity (35% of survivors). This first large population based study of cerebral oedema complicating DKA has produced risk estimates which are more reliable and less susceptible to bias than those from previous studies. Our study indicates that cerebral oedema remains an important complication of DKA during childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Little is known of the aetiology of cerebral oedema in this condition and we are currently undertaking a case control study to address this issue.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pediatric Health Med Ther
                Pediatric Health Med Ther
                PHMT
                pedhlth
                Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics
                Dove
                1179-9927
                23 May 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 49-55
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University , Tigray, Ethiopia
                [2 ]Department of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University , Tigray, Ethiopia
                [3 ]Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University , Tigray, Ethiopia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Fikaden Berhe HadguDepartment of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University , PO Box 1871Tigray, EthiopiaTel +25 191 474 8441Email fikadenb@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                207165
                10.2147/PHMT.S207165
                6536121
                31191086
                7cb211d1-e1ee-47a2-9677-6fb5e17124a4
                © 2019 Hadgu et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 01 March 2019
                : 16 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, References: 19, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Original Research

                prevalence,type 1diabetes,ketoacidosis,children,tigray
                prevalence, type 1diabetes, ketoacidosis, children, tigray

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