Migración circular y trabajo de cuidado: Fragmentación de trayectorias laborales de migrantes bolivianas en Tarapacá

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Abstract

En la región de Tarapacá es usual que migrantes bolivianas sean contratadas como trabajadoras domésticas para realizar trabajo de cuidado de niños o ancianos. Favorecida por la legislación vigente y por la cercanía geográfica, nacionales bolivianas realizan una migración circular con un ritmo de tres meses. Las migrantes no buscan establecerse en el país, sino que efectúan una migración temporal y repetitiva. Mediante entrevistas aplicadas en la ciudad de Iquique se analiza la trayectoria laboral de estas migrantes circulares. Se observa una alta fragmentación de su trayectoria laboral, la que se origina fundamentalmente por el no pago de sus remuneraciones, las extensas jornadas de trabajo a las que son sometidas y el maltrato que reciben de parte de sus empleadores. Se concluye en primer lugar que la migración circular del trabajo de cuidado trae altos costos personales y familiares para las migrantes, en tanto genera una gran incertidumbre y la posibilidad de extender su temporada de migración más allá de lo deseado. En segundo lugar, se establece la necesidad de formular políticas públicas migratorias específicas para este grupo de trabajadoras.

Translated abstract

In the Tarapacá Region of Chile, Bolivian migrant women are frequently hired as domestic workers to provide care for children or the elderly. Favored by current legislation and geographic proximity, Bolivian nationals engage in circular migration in a three-month cycle. Migrant women do not seek to put down roots in Chile, but instead migrate temporarily and repetitively. This article analyzes the labor histories of these circular migrants based on interviews conducted in the city of Iquique. There is a high level of fragmentation in their labor history, mainly due to non-payment of salaries, long workdays and mistreatment by employers. It is concluded in first place, that circular migration of care workers implies high personal and familiar costs for these migrant women, as it produces great uncertainty and the possibility to extend -unnecessary- the migration season. In second place, it is established the need to formulate specific migration public policies for this workers.

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The Discovery of Grounded Theory

Barney G. Glaser, Anselm L. Strauss (1967)

Most writing on sociological method has been concerned with how accurate facts can be obtained and how theory can thereby be more rigorously tested. In The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss address the equally Important enterprise of how the discovery of theory from data--systematically obtained and analyzed in social research--can be furthered. The discovery of theory from data--grounded theory--is a major task confronting sociology, for such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and laymen alike. Most important, it provides relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations, and applications.In Part I of the book, Generation Theory by Comparative Analysis, the authors present a strategy whereby sociologists can facilitate the discovery of grounded theory, both substantive and formal. This strategy involves the systematic choice and study of several comparison groups. In Part II, The Flexible Use of Data, the generation of theory from qualitative, especially documentary, and quantitative data Is considered. In Part III, Implications of Grounded Theory, Glaser and Strauss examine the credibility of grounded theory.The Discovery of Grounded Theory is directed toward improving social scientists' capacity for generating theory that will be relevant to their research. While aimed primarily at sociologists, it will be useful to anyone Interested In studying social phenomena--political, educational, economic, industrial-- especially If their studies are based on qualitative data.