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      Susceptibility Variation in Eucalyptus spp. in Relation to Leptocybe invasa and Ophelimus maskelli (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Two Invasive Gall Wasps Occurring in Portugal Translated title: Variação da Suscetibilidade de Espécies de Eucalyptus spp. em Relação a Leptocybe invasa e Ophelimus maskelli (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Duas Espécies Galícolas Invasoras em Portugal

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          Abstract

          Leptocybe invasa (Fisher & LaSalle) and Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) are two new invasive pests, originating from Australia, which are spreading quickly in the Mediterranean countries, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. Leptocybe invasa causes typical bump-shaped galls on the leaf midribs, petioles and stems of new growth of several Eucalyptus species and O. maskelli induces small round galls on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Field sampling was conducted with the aim to determine differences in susceptibility between E. camaldulensis and E. globulus, two host species of economic importance frequent in Portugal. Differences in susceptibility to L. invasa were found for the two species, a hybrid population and between families of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus. Results demonstrated interspecific and intraspecific susceptibility variations. In order to understand the intraspecific variations, physical and chemical traits of the most susceptible and resistant genotypes were analyzed further. Physical analyses of Eucalyptus leaves by thickness measurements and leaf surface observations by SEM did not reveal significant differences between susceptible and resistant genotypes. On the contrary, chemical analyses concerning chemical fingerprints by NIRS and leaf volatiles by GC-MS revealed significant differences.

          Translated abstract

          Leptocybe invasa (Fisher & LaSalle) e Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) são duas espécies invasoras, originárias da Austrália, que estão a disseminar-se pela Europa mediterrânica, África, Médio Oriente e Ásia. Leptocybe invasa provoca galhas típicas com forma de inchaço nas nervuras foliares, pecíolos e caules dos ramos de várias espécies de Eucalyptus, enquanto O. maskelli origina pequenas galhas redondas tanto na parte adaxial como abaxial da superfície das folhas. Com o objetivos de determinar as diferenças na susceptibilidade entre E. camaldulensis e E. globulus, duas espécies frequentes em Portugal, foram efetuadas amostragens no terreno direcionadas para detetar estas duas pragas. Foram encontradas diferenças na suscetibilidade para as duas espécies de eucaliptos, para uma população híbrida e para famílias de Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus. Os resultados demonstram uma variação de suscetibilidade inter e intra específica. Para compreender a variação intra-específica, traços físicos e químicos dos genótipos mais suscetíveis e resistentes foram adicionalmente analisados. A análise física da espessura das folhas de Eucalyptus e observações com MEV da superfície foliar não detetaram diferenças significativas entre genótipos suscetíveis e resistentes. No entanto, análises químicas por NIRS-fingerprint e extração de voláteis foliares por GC-MS permitiram detetar diferenças significativas entre genótipos.

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          Genetic resistance of Eucalyptus globulus to autumn gum moth defoliation and the role of cuticular waxes

          This study investigated the association between resistance of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. to autumn gum moth (Mnesempala privata Guenée) defoliation and cuticular wax compounds. In a field trial consisting of clonally replicated F 2 families of E. globulus, situated in Tasmania, Australia, significant genetic variation in resistance was detected in two of three F 2 families. The broad-sense heritability for defoliation within families ranged from 0.24 to 0.33. The 15 most resistant and the 15 most susceptible genotypes within each variable family were compared for their relative levels of 26 cuticular wax compounds. While no significant correlation between resistance and total wax yield estimates was found, significant differences were detected between resistant and susceptible classes in the relative quantities of several aliphatic phenylethyl and benzyl wax esters within both families. This association does not appear to be a response induced by defoliation. The broad-sense heritabilities of the variation in these compounds were high (0.820.94). Our findings suggest that these wax compounds are a mechanism of genetic resistance to autumn gum moth in E. globulus.
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            Inheritance of resistance to mammalian herbivores and of plant defensive chemistry in an Eucalyptus species.

            Hybridization in plants provides an opportunity to investigate the patterns of inheritance of hybrid resistance to herbivores, and of the plant mechanisms conferring this resistance such as plant secondary metabolites. We investigated how inter-race differences in resistance of Eucalyptus globulus to a generalist mammalian herbivore, Trichosurus vulpecula, are inherited in their Fl hybrids. We assessed browsing damage of 3-year-old trees in a common environment field trial on four hybrid types of known progeny. The progeny were artificial intra-race crosses and reciprocal inter-race F1 hybrids of two geographically distinct populations (races) of E. globulus north-eastern Tasmania and south-eastern Tasmania. Populations of trees from north-eastern Tasmania are relatively susceptible to browsing by T. vulpecula, while populations from south-eastern Tasmania are more resistant. We assessed the preferences of these trees in a series of paired feeding trials with captive animals to test the field trial results and also investigated the patterns of inheritance of plant secondary metabolites. Our results demonstrated that the phenotypic expression of resistance of the inter-race Fl hybrids supported the additive pattern of inheritance, as these hybrids were intermediate in resistance compared to the pure parental hybrids. The expression of plant secondary metabolites in the Fl hybrids varied among major groups of individual compounds. The most common pattern supported was dominance towards one of the parental types. Together, condensed tannins and essential oils appeared to explain the observed patterns of resistance among the four hybrid types. While both chemical groups were inherited in a dominant manner in the inter-race Fl hybrids, the direction of dominance was opposite. Their combined concentration, however, was inherited in an additive manner, consistent with the phenotypic differences in browsing.
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              Geographical variation in Eucalyptus globulus

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                slu
                Silva Lusitana
                Silva Lus.
                Unidade de Silvicultura e Produtos Florestais (Lisboa )
                0870-6352
                2011
                : 19
                : Especial
                : 19-31
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Técnica de Lisboa Portugal
                [2 ] Universidade Nova de Lisboa Portugal
                [3 ] Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos Portugal
                Article
                S0870-63522011000200004
                7759755c-76b0-4f45-a64c-b30d46fbd255

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0870-6352&lng=en
                Categories
                FORESTRY

                Forestry
                gall wasps,Eulophidae,Eucalyptus,Suscetibilidade vegetal,insetos galícolas,Plant susceptibility

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