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      Gene silencing in adult Popillia japonica through feeding of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) complexed with branched amphiphilic peptide capsules (BAPCs)

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          Abstract

          Gene silencing by feeding double-stranded (dsRNA) holds promise as a novel pest management strategy. Nonetheless, degradation of dsRNA in the environment and within the insect gut, as well as inefficient systemic delivery are major limitations to applying this strategy. Branched amphiphilic peptide capsules (BAPCs) complexed with dsRNA have been used to successfully target genes outside and inside the gut epithelium upon ingestion. This suggests that BAPCs can protect dsRNA from degradation in the gut environment and successfully shuttle it across gut epithelium. In this study, our objectives were to 1) Determine whether feeding on BAPC-dsRNA complexes targeting a putative peritrophin gene of P. japonica would result in the suppression of gut peritrophin synthesis, and 2) gain insight into the cellular uptake mechanisms and transport of BAPC-dsRNA complexes across the larval midgut of P. japonica. Our results suggest that BAPC-dsRNA complexes are readily taken up by the midgut epithelium, and treatment of the tissue with endocytosis inhibitors effectively suppresses intracellular transport. Further, assessment of gene expression in BAPC- peritrophin dsRNA fed beetles demonstrated significant downregulation in mRNA levels relative to control and/or dsRNA alone. Our results demonstrated that BAPCs increase the efficacy of gene knockdown relative to dsRNA alone in P. japonica adults. To our knowledge, this is the first report on nanoparticle-mediated dsRNA delivery through feeding in P. japonica.

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          Fiji is a distribution of the popular open-source software ImageJ focused on biological-image analysis. Fiji uses modern software engineering practices to combine powerful software libraries with a broad range of scripting languages to enable rapid prototyping of image-processing algorithms. Fiji facilitates the transformation of new algorithms into ImageJ plugins that can be shared with end users through an integrated update system. We propose Fiji as a platform for productive collaboration between computer science and biology research communities.
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            High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide

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              The evolution of RNAi as a defence against viruses and transposable elements

              RNA interference (RNAi) is an important defence against viruses and transposable elements (TEs). RNAi not only protects against viruses by degrading viral RNA, but hosts and viruses can also use RNAi to manipulate each other's gene expression, and hosts can encode microRNAs that target viral sequences. In response, viruses have evolved a myriad of adaptations to suppress and evade RNAi. RNAi can also protect cells against TEs, both by degrading TE transcripts and by preventing TE expression through heterochromatin formation. The aim of our review is to summarize and evaluate the current data on the evolution of these RNAi defence mechanisms. To this end, we also extend a previous analysis of the evolution of genes of the RNAi pathways. Strikingly, we find that antiviral RNAi genes, anti-TE RNAi genes and viral suppressors of RNAi all evolve rapidly, suggestive of an evolutionary arms race between hosts and parasites. Over longer time scales, key RNAi genes are repeatedly duplicated or lost across the metazoan phylogeny, with important implications for RNAi as an immune defence.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Insect Sci
                Front Insect Sci
                Front. Insect Sci.
                Frontiers in Insect Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2673-8600
                2673-8600
                12 May 2023
                2023
                : 3
                : 1151789
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University , Auburn, AL, United States
                [2] 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University , Auburn, AL, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Deguang Liu, Northwest A&F University, China

                Reviewed by: Kanakachari Mogilicherla, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czechia; Dong Wei, Southwest University, China

                *Correspondence: L. Adriana Avila, adriana.avila@ 123456auburn.edu

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

                Article
                10.3389/finsc.2023.1151789
                10926504
                38469482
                76c6813e-d897-422f-a38a-b3f6dfa3397a
                Copyright © 2023 Carroll, Kunte, McGraw, Gautam, Range, Noveron-Nunez, Held and Avila

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 26 January 2023
                : 28 April 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 11, Words: 6131
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute of Food and Agriculture , doi 10.13039/100005825;
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Agriculture , doi 10.13039/100000199;
                This project was supported by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station and the Hatch program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
                Categories
                Insect Science
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                Invasive Insect Species

                japanese beetle,scarabaeidae,dsrna (double-stranded rna),pest management,nanoparticles,oral delivery

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