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      Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing ventilatory support in chemical, biological and radiological emergencies* Translated title: Revisão sistemática e metanálise comparando técnicas de suporte ventilatório em emergências químicas, biológicas e radiológicas Translated title: Comparación de técnicas de soporte ventilatorio en situaciones de emergencia química, biológica y radiológica: revisión sistemática y meta-análisis

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          to compare the mean development time of the techniques of direct laryngoscopy and insertion of supraglottic devices; and to evaluate the success rate in the first attempt of these techniques, considering health professionals wearing specific personal protective equipment (waterproof overalls; gloves; boots; eye protection; mask).

          Method:

          meta-analysis with studies from LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, Scopus and Web of Science. The keywords were the following: personal protective equipment; airway management; intubation; laryngeal masks.

          Results:

          in the “reduction of the time of the procedures” outcome, the general analysis of the supraglottic devices in comparison with the orotracheal tube initially presented high heterogeneity of the data (I 2= 97%). Subgroup analysis had an impact on reducing heterogeneity among the data. The “laryngeal mask as a guide for orotracheal intubation” subgroup showed moderate heterogeneity (I 2= 74%). The “2 ndgeneration supraglottic devices” subgroup showed homogeneity (I 2= 0%). All the meta-analyses favored supraglottic devices. In the “success in the first attempt” outcome, moderate homogeneity was found (I 2= 52%), showing a higher proportion of correct answers for supraglottic devices.

          Conclusion:

          in the context of chemical, biological or radiological disaster, the insertion of the supraglottic device proved to be faster and more likely to be successful by health professionals. PROSPERO record (CRD42019136139).

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo:

          comparar o tempo médio do desenvolvimento das técnicas de laringoscopia direta e de inserção de dispositivos supraglóticos e avaliar a taxa de sucesso na primeira tentativa dessas técnicas, considerando a utilização de equipamentos de proteção individual específicos (macacão impermeável; luvas; botas; proteção ocular; máscara) pelos profissionais de saúde.

          Método:

          metanálise com estudos das bases LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, Scopus e Web of Science. As palavras-chave foram: personal protective equipment; airway management; intubation; laryngeal masks.

          Resultados:

          no desfecho redução “do tempo dos procedimentos” a análise geral dos dispositivos supraglóticos em comparação com o tubo orotraqueal apresentou inicialmente alta heterogeneidade dos dados (I 2 = 97%). A análise por subgrupos impactou na redução da heterogeneidade entre os dados. O subgrupo “máscara laríngea como guia para intubação orotraqueal” demonstrou heterogeneidade moderada (I 2 = 74%). O subgrupo “dispositivos supraglóticos de 2ª geração” evidenciou homogeneidade (I 2 = 0%). Todas as metanálises foram favoráveis aos dispositivos supraglóticos. No desfecho “êxito na primeira tentativa” foi encontrada homogeneidade moderada (I 2 = 52%), demonstrando maior proporção de acerto para dispositivos supraglóticos.

          Conclusão:

          no contexto do desastre químico, biológico ou radiológico, a inserção do dispositivo supraglótico revelou ser mais rápida e apresentar maior chance de acerto por profissionais de saúde. Registro PROSPERO (CRD42019136139).

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo:

          comparar el tiempo medio de desarrollo de las técnicas de laringoscopia directa y de inserción de dispositivos supraglóticos y evaluar la tasa de éxito obtenida en el primer intento de dichas técnicas con profesionales sanitarios provistos de equipos de protección individual específicos (mono impermeable, guantes, botas, protección ocular, mascarilla).

          Método:

          meta-análisis con estudio de las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, Scopus y Web of Science. Las palabras clave fueron las siguientes: personal protective equipment; airway management; intubation; laryngeal masks.

          Resultados:

          en el resultado “reducción del tiempo de los procedimientos”, el análisis general de los dispositivos supraglóticos en comparación con el tubo orotraqueal presentó, inicialmente, una alta heterogeneidad de los datos (I 2= 97%). El análisis por subgrupos dio como resultado una reducción de la heterogeneidad entre los datos. El subgrupo “mascarilla laríngea como guía para la intubación orotraqueal” mostró una heterogeneidad moderada (I 2= 74%). El subgrupo “dispositivos supraglóticos de 2ª generación” mostró homogeneidad (I 2= 0%). Todos los meta-análisis fueron favorables a los dispositivos supraglóticos. En el resultado “éxito en el primer intento” se halló una homogeneidad moderada (I 2= 52%), obteniendo una mayor proporción de aciertos con el uso de dispositivos supraglóticos.

          Conclusión:

          en el contexto de un desastre químico, biológico o radiológico, se ha demostrado que la inserción del dispositivo supraglótico es más rápida y que los profesionales sanitarios obtienen una mayor probabilidad de acierto. Registro PROSPERO (CRD42019136139).

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          Most cited references34

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          • Abstract: found
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          Impact of chemical, biological, radiation, and nuclear personal protective equipment on the performance of low- and high-dexterity airway and vascular access skills.

          Following CBRN incidents health care professionals will be required to care for critically ill patients within the warm zone, prior to decontamination, whilst wearing CBRN-PPE. The loss of fine-motor skills may adversely affect delivery of medical care.
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            Influence of personal protective equipment on the performance of life-saving interventions by emergency medical service personnel

            Prompt live-saving interventions, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), intravenous cannulation (IVC), and endotracheal intubation (ETI), are important for severely injured victims of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) disasters. Interventions sometime have to be performed by emergency medical service (EMS) personnel with personal protective equipment (PPE) worn in warm zones. We designed a randomized crossover simulation aimed to compare the performance of life-saving interventions in repetitive simulation of single-rescuer resuscitation wearing level-C PPE in the warm zone of a CBRN disaster. The success rate and completion time of IVC and ETI according to the presence of PPE were compared. The quality of 4-minute single-rescuer CPR was measured and compared as well. We found that the performance level of life-saving interventions performed in a simulated setting of disaster decreased when performed by EMS personnel wearing level-C PPE. Further efforts of optimizing current PPE for EMS personnel based on this study are needed.
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              • Article: not found

              Prehospital management of sarin nerve gas terrorism in urban settings: 10 years of progress after the Tokyo subway sarin attack.

              Chemical agents have been used previously in wartime on numerous occasions, from World War I to the Gulf War. In 1994 and 1995, sarin nerve gas was used first in peacetime as a weapon of terrorism in Japan. The Tokyo subway sarin attack was the first large-scale disaster caused by nerve gas. A religious cult released sarin gas into subway commuter trains during morning rush hour. Twelve passengers died and about 5500 people were harmed. Sarin is a highly toxic nerve agent that can be fatal within minutes to hours. It causes the clinical syndrome of cholinergic hyperstimulation by inhibition of the crucial enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Therapy of nerve agent toxicity is divided into three categories, decontamination, respiratory support, and antidotes. All of these therapies may be given simultaneously. This article reviews toxicology and management of this acute chemical emergency. To help minimize the possible catastrophic impact on the public, we make several recommendations based on analysis of the Tokyo subway sarin attack and systematically review the current scientific literature.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
                Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
                rlae
                Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
                Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo
                0104-1169
                1518-8345
                31 August 2020
                2020
                : 28
                : e3347
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
                [2 ]Universidade Federal Fluminense, Escola de Enfermagem Aurora Afonso Costa, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
                [3 ]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Israel Baptista de Souza Borges. E-mail: israelbsborges@ 123456gmail.com

                Associate Editor: Maria Lúcia Zanetti

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7083-3580
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-5570
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-9791
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4611-1200
                Article
                00611
                10.1590/1518-8345.4024.3347
                7458572
                32876287
                74156ebe-a0de-4c07-8a34-2449e8793ce3
                Copyright © 2020 Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 26 November 2019
                : 30 April 2020
                Categories
                Review Article

                airway management,personal protective equipment,intubation,laryngeal masks,meta-analysis,disasters,manuseio das vias aéreas,equipamento de proteção individual,intubação,máscaras laríngeas,metanálise,desastres,manejo de la vía aérea,equipo de protección personal,intubación,metaanálisis

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