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      LEAFY COTYLEDON2 ( LEC2) promotes embryogenic induction in somatic tissues of Arabidopsis, via YUCCA-mediated auxin biosynthesis

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          Abstract

          The LEAFY COTYLEDON2 ( LEC2) transcription factor with a plant-specific B3 domain plays a central role in zygotic and somatic embryogenesis (SE). LEC2 overexpression induced in planta leads to spontaneous somatic embryo formation, but impairs the embryogenic response of explants cultured in vitro under auxin treatment. The auxin-related functions of LEC2 appear during SE induction, and the aim of the present study was to gain further insights into this phenomenon. To this end, the effect of LEC2 overexpression on the morphogenic responses of Arabidopsis explants cultured in vitro under different auxin treatments was evaluated. The expression profiles of the auxin biosynthesis genes were analysed in embryogenic cultures with respect to LEC2 activity. The results showed that LEC2 overexpression severely modifies the requirement of cultured explants for an exogenous auxin concentration at a level that is effective in SE induction and suggested an increase in the auxin content in 35S::LEC2-GR transgenic explants. The assumption of an LEC2 promoted increase in endogenous auxin in cultured explants was further supported by the expression profiling of the genes involved in auxin biosynthesis. The analysis indicated that YUCCAs and TAA1, working in the IPA-YUC auxin biosynthesis pathway, are associated with SE induction, and that the expression of three YUCCA genes ( YUC1, YUC4 and YUC10) is associated with LEC2 activity. The results also suggest that the IAOx-mediated auxin biosynthesis pathway involving ATR1/MYB34 and CYP79B2 does not seem to be involved in SE induction. We conclude that de novo auxin production via the tryptophan-dependent IPA-YUC auxin biosynthesis pathway is implicated in SE induction, and that LEC2 plays a key role in this mechanism.

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          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00425-013-1892-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Housekeeping genes as internal standards: use and limits.

          O Thellin, W Zorzi, B Lakaye … (1999)
          Quantitative studies are commonly realised in the biomedical research to compare RNA expression in different experimental or clinical conditions. These quantifications are performed through their comparison to the expression of the housekeeping gene transcripts like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), albumin, actins, tubulins, cyclophilin, hypoxantine phsophoribosyltransferase (HRPT), L32. 28S, and 18S rRNAs are also used as internal standards. In this paper, it is recalled that the commonly used internal standards can quantitatively vary in response to various factors. Possible variations are illustrated using three experimental examples. Preferred types of internal standards are then proposed for each of these samples and thereafter the general procedure concerning the choice of an internal standard and the way to manage its uses are discussed.
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            Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development.

            Yunde Zhao (2010)
            Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the main auxin in higher plants, has profound effects on plant growth and development. Both plants and some plant pathogens can produce IAA to modulate plant growth. Although the genes and biochemical reactions for auxin biosynthesis in some plant pathogens are well understood, elucidation of the mechanisms by which plants produce auxin has proven to be difficult. So far, no single complete pathway of de novo auxin biosynthesis in plants has been firmly established. However, recent studies have led to the discoveries of several genes in tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathways. Recent findings have also determined that local auxin biosynthesis plays essential roles in many developmental processes including gametogenesis, embryogenesis, seedling growth, vascular patterning, and flower development. In this review, I summarize the recent advances in dissecting auxin biosynthetic pathways and how the understanding of auxin biosynthesis provides a crucial angle for analyzing the mechanisms of plant development.
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              A role for flavin monooxygenase-like enzymes in auxin biosynthesis.

              Y. Zhao, S Christensen, C Fankhauser … (2001)
              Although auxin is known to regulate many processes in plant development and has been studied for over a century, the mechanisms whereby plants produce it have remained elusive. Here we report the characterization of a dominant Arabidopsis mutant, yucca, which contains elevated levels of free auxin. YUCCA encodes a flavin monooxygenase-like enzyme and belongs to a family that includes at least nine other homologous Arabidopsis genes, a subset of which appears to have redundant functions. Results from tryptophan analog feeding experiments and biochemical assays indicate that YUCCA catalyzes hydroxylation of the amino group of tryptamine, a rate-limiting step in tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis.
              Article 0 comments Cited 281 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : +48-32-2009481 , +48-32-2009396 , mmdgaj@us.edu.pl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Planta
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Planta
                Title: Planta
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 0032-0935
                ISSN (Electronic): 1432-2048
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 May 2013
                Publication date PMC-release: 31 May 2013
                Publication date (Print): 2013
                Volume: 238
                Pages: 425-440
                Affiliations
                Department of Genetics, University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1892
                DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1892-2
                PMC ID: 3751287
                PubMed ID: 23722561
                SO-VID: 733abac6-0b70-4aaa-bca3-20d0fca98e13
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2013
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 12 February 2013
                Date accepted : 24 April 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: somatic embryogenesis,arabidopsis,auxin biosynthesis,lec2,yucca
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: somatic embryogenesis, arabidopsis, auxin biosynthesis, lec2, yucca

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