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      Recent Biomedical Approaches for Chitosan Based Materials as Drug Delivery Nanocarriers

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          Abstract

          In recent decades, drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nanotechnology have been attracting substantial interest in the pharmaceutical field, especially those developed based on natural polymers such as chitosan, cellulose, starch, collagen, gelatin, alginate and elastin. Nanomaterials based on chitosan (CS) or chitosan derivatives are broadly investigated as promising nanocarriers due to their biodegradability, good biocompatibility, non-toxicity, low immunogenicity, great versatility and beneficial biological effects. CS, either alone or as composites, are suitable substrates in the fabrication of different types of products like hydrogels, membranes, beads, porous foams, nanoparticles, in-situ gel, microparticles, sponges and nanofibers/scaffolds. Currently, the CS based nanocarriers are intensely studied as controlled and targeted drug release systems for different drugs (anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, anticancer etc.) as well as for proteins/peptides, growth factors, vaccines, small DNA (DNAs) and short interfering RNA (siRNA). This review targets the latest biomedical approaches for CS based nanocarriers such as nanoparticles (NPs) nanofibers (NFs), nanogels (NGs) and chitosan coated liposomes (LPs) and their potential applications for medical and pharmaceutical fields. The advantages and challenges of reviewed CS based nanocarriers for different routes of administration (oral, transmucosal, pulmonary and transdermal) with reference to classical formulations are also emphasized.

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          Most cited references193

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          An Overview of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Its Application in Non-Parenteral Drug Delivery

          The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the chitosan based nanoparticles for various non-parenteral applications and also to put a spotlight on current research including sustained release and mucoadhesive chitosan dosage forms. Chitosan is a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer regarded as safe for human dietary use and approved for wound dressing applications. Chitosan has been used as a carrier in polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery through various routes of administration. Chitosan has chemical functional groups that can be modified to achieve specific goals, making it a polymer with a tremendous range of potential applications. Nanoparticles (NP) prepared with chitosan and chitosan derivatives typically possess a positive surface charge and mucoadhesive properties such that can adhere to mucus membranes and release the drug payload in a sustained release manner. Chitosan-based NP have various applications in non-parenteral drug delivery for the treatment of cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, pulmonary diseases, drug delivery to the brain and ocular infections which will be exemplified in this review. Chitosan shows low toxicity both in vitro and some in vivo models. This review explores recent research on chitosan based NP for non-parenteral drug delivery, chitosan properties, modification, toxicity, pharmacokinetics and preclinical studies.
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            Nanogels as pharmaceutical carriers: finite networks of infinite capabilities.

            Nanogels are swollen nanosized networks composed of hydrophilic or amphiphilic polymer chains. They are developed as carriers for the transport of drugs, and can be designed to spontaneously incorporate biologically active molecules through formation of salt bonds, hydrogen bonds, or hydrophobic interactions. Polyelectrolyte nanogels can readily incorporate oppositely charged low-molecular-mass drugs and biomacromolecules such as oligo- and polynucleotides (siRNA, DNA) as well as proteins. The guest molecules interact electrostatically with the ionic polymer chains of the gel and become bound within the finite nanogel. Multiple chemical functionalities can be employed in the nanogels to introduce imaging labels and to allow targeted drug delivery. The latter can be achieved, for example, with degradable or cleavable cross-links. Recent studies suggest that nanogels have a very promising future in biomedical applications.
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              CHITOSAN AS AN ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY BIOMATERIAL – A REVIEW ON RECENT MODIFICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS

              Amongst the natural polymers, chitin is the second most abundant, present mainly in fungi and exoskeleton of crustaceans. It forms a major part of the seafood waste as compiled and presented in this review and is de-acetylated to produce chitosan. Structure and properties of chitosan have been described. Biocompatible and biodegradable characteristics of chitosan have been well studied. In addition to the environmental sustainability associated with its use, the malleability of chitosan due to its reactive amino and hydroxyl groups, adds to its wide repertoire in usage through various modifications. Recent publications of chitosan and derivatives have been classified into its various applications in food, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical, textile, paper, agriculture and environmental applications. The abundance of chitosan and diversity in modifications can be effectively utilized in various applications leading to environmental friendly solutions as highlighted in this review.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                MDPI
                1999-4923
                20 April 2021
                April 2021
                : 13
                : 4
                : 587
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; andreea.panzariu@ 123456umfiasi.ro (A.T.I.); florentina-geanina.lupascu@ 123456umfiasi.ro (F.G.L.); apotrosoaei.maria@ 123456umfiasi.ro (M.A.); ioana-mirela.vasincu@ 123456umfiasi.ro (I.M.V.); roxana.tauser@ 123456umfiasi.ro (R.G.T.); dan.lupascu@ 123456umfiasi.ro (D.L.)
                [2 ]Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; simona-eliza.giusca@ 123456umfiasi.ro
                Author notes
                [†]

                These authors contribute equally to this paper.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7953-3023
                Article
                pharmaceutics-13-00587
                10.3390/pharmaceutics13040587
                8073149
                33924046
                728408ef-0f3d-4e01-9539-61fc0e3ccc94
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 31 March 2021
                : 16 April 2021
                Categories
                Review

                chitosan,nanoparticles,nanofibers,nanogels,liposomes,nanocarriers,drug delivery systems

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