Identifying and Managing Frailty: A Survey of UK Healthcare Professionals

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Abstract

Frailty is a common condition that leads to multiple adverse outcomes. Frailty should be identified and managed in a holistic, evidence-based and patient-centered way. We aimed to understand how UK healthcare professionals (HCPs) identify and manage frailty in comparison with UK Fit for Frailty guidelines, their frailty training, their confidence in providing support and organizational pathways for this. An online mixed-methods survey was distributed to UK HCPs supporting older people through professional bodies, special interest groups, key contacts, and social media. From 137 responses, HCPs valued frailty assessment but used a mixture of tools that varied by profession. HCPs felt confident managing frailty and referred older people to a wide range of supportive services, but acknowledged a lack of formalized training opportunities, systems, and pathways for frailty management. Clearer pathways, more training, and stronger interprofessional communication, appropriate to each setting, may further support HCPs in frailty management.

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Most cited references 35

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Frailty in elderly people

Andrew B. Clegg, John Young, Steve Iliffe … (2013)

Frailty is the most problematic expression of population ageing. It is a state of vulnerability to poor resolution of homoeostasis after a stressor event and is a consequence of cumulative decline in many physiological systems during a lifetime. This cumulative decline depletes homoeostatic reserves until minor stressor events trigger disproportionate changes in health status. In landmark studies, investigators have developed valid models of frailty and these models have allowed epidemiological investigations that show the association between frailty and adverse health outcomes. We need to develop more efficient methods to detect frailty and measure its severity in routine clinical practice, especially methods that are useful for primary care. Such progress would greatly inform the appropriate selection of elderly people for invasive procedures or drug treatments and would be the basis for a shift in the care of frail elderly people towards more appropriate goal-directed care. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people.

Kenneth Rockwood, Xiaowei Song, Chris MacKnight … (2005)

There is no single generally accepted clinical definition of frailty. Previously developed tools to assess frailty that have been shown to be predictive of death or need for entry into an institutional facility have not gained acceptance among practising clinicians. We aimed to develop a tool that would be both predictive and easy to use. We developed the 7-point Clinical Frailty Scale and applied it and other established tools that measure frailty to 2305 elderly patients who participated in the second stage of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA). We followed this cohort prospectively; after 5 years, we determined the ability of the Clinical Frailty Scale to predict death or need for institutional care, and correlated the results with those obtained from other established tools. The CSHA Clinical Frailty Scale was highly correlated (r = 0.80) with the Frailty Index. Each 1-category increment of our scale significantly increased the medium-term risks of death (21.2% within about 70 mo, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.5%-30.6%) and entry into an institution (23.9%, 95% CI 8.8%-41.2%) in multivariable models that adjusted for age, sex and education. Analyses of receiver operating characteristic curves showed that our Clinical Frailty Scale performed better than measures of cognition, function or comorbidity in assessing risk for death (area under the curve 0.77 for 18-month and 0.70 for 70-month mortality). Frailty is a valid and clinically important construct that is recognizable by physicians. Clinical judgments about frailty can yield useful predictive information.

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Physical Frailty: ICFSR International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Identification and Management

E. Dent, J E Morley, A. Cruz-Jentoft … (2019)

Objective The task force of the International Conference of Frailty and Sarcopenia Research (ICFSR) developed these clinical practice guidelines to overview the current evidence-base and to provide recommendations for the identification and management of frailty in older adults. Methods These recommendations were formed using the GRADE approach, which ranked the strength and certainty (quality) of the supporting evidence behind each recommendation. Where the evidence-base was limited or of low quality, Consensus Based Recommendations (CBRs) were formulated. The recommendations focus on the clinical and practical aspects of care for older people with frailty, and promote person-centred care. Recommendations for Screening and Assessment The task force recommends that health practitioners case identify/screen all older adults for frailty using a validated instrument suitable for the specific setting or context (strong recommendation). Ideally, the screening instrument should exclude disability as part of the screening process. For individuals screened as positive for frailty, a more comprehensive clinical assessment should be performed to identify signs and underlying mechanisms of frailty (strong recommendation). Recommendations for Management A comprehensive care plan for frailty should address polypharmacy (whether rational or nonrational), the management of sarcopenia, the treatable causes of weight loss, and the causes of exhaustion (depression, anaemia, hypotension, hypothyroidism, and B12 deficiency) (strong recommendation). All persons with frailty should receive social support as needed to address unmet needs and encourage adherence to a comprehensive care plan (strong recommendation). First-line therapy for the management of frailty should include a multi-component physical activity programme with a resistance-based training component (strong recommendation). Protein/caloric supplementation is recommended when weight loss or undernutrition are present (conditional recommendation). No recommendation was given for systematic additional therapies such as cognitive therapy, problem-solving therapy, vitamin D supplementation, and hormone-based treatment. Pharmacological treatment as presently available is not recommended therapy for the treatment of frailty. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s12603-019-1273-z and is accessible for authorized users.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Appl Gerontol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Appl Gerontol

Journal ID (hwp): spjag

Journal ID (publisher-id): JAG

Title: Journal of Applied Gerontology

Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )

ISSN (Print): 0733-4648

ISSN (Electronic): 1552-4523

Publication date (Electronic): 20 October 2023

Publication date (Print): April 2024

Volume: 43

Issue: 4

Pages: 402-412

Affiliations

[1 ]Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Ringgold 4919, universityUniversity College London; , London, UK

[2 ]Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Ringgold 6123, universityUniversity of Nottingham; , Nottingham, UK

[3 ]School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Ringgold 28133, universityUniversity of São Paulo; , São Paulo, Brazil

[4 ]Botucatu Medical School, Ringgold 28108, universitySão Paulo State University; , São Paulo, Brazil

[5 ]Leicester School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Ringgold 4487, universityDe Montfort University; , Leicester, UK

[6 ]School of Health Sciences, Ringgold 7423, universityUniversity of Southampton; , Southampton, UK

Author notes

[*]Rachael Frost, Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK. Email: rachael.frost@ 123456ucl.ac.uk

Author information

Rachael Frost https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3523-0052

Article

Publisher ID: 10.1177_07334648231206321

DOI: 10.1177/07334648231206321

PMC ID: 10875903

PubMed ID: 37861268

SO-VID: 71295b1c-a255-493c-825a-51fe3ca4aaa8

License:

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

History

Date received : 13 April 2023

Date revision received : 17 August 2023

Date accepted : 19 September 2023

Funding

Funded by: PSA was supported by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel internationalization program (CAPES-PRINT-Unesp) – 001;