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      Neues zu Hypertonie und Diabetes Translated title: Recent trends in hypertension and diabetes therapy

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          Abstract

          Hypertonie und Diabetes treten oft gemeinsam auf und erhöhen die kardiovaskuläre Mortalität. Beide Erkrankungen sind bei COVID-19-Patienten (COVID-19: „coronavirus disease 2019“) mit schweren Verläufen gehäuft anzutreffen. Hinsichtlich der Kausalität für COVID-19 ist die Datenlage widersprüchlich. Sicher ist ein Surrogateffekt, da meiste ältere COVID-19-Patienten einen schweren Verlauf aufgrund der Vorschäden aufweisen. Hemmer des Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-Systems (RAAS-Blocker) erhöhen nicht die Wahrscheinlichkeit der positiven SARS-CoV-2-Testung (SARS-CoV-2: „severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2“). Sie haben keinen Einfluss auf die Schwere des Verlaufs und die Mortalität und sollten daher unter COVID-19 nicht pausiert/abgesetzt werden. Die renale Denervierung erfreut sich einer Renaissance, nachdem sich die Studiendesigns und Technologien stark weiterentwickelt haben. Bei den SGLT-2-Hemmern (SGLT-2: „sodium glucose linked transporter 2“) ist der Wissenszuwachs enorm. In den ersten beiden großen randomisierten kontrollierten Studien mit primären renalen Endpunkten verzögerten sie die Progression der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz (CKD) bis zum Dialysebeginn deutlich um zusätzliche ca. 12–13 Jahre. Sie sind prinzipiell bei Typ‑2- sowie Typ-1-Diabetes und auch bei herzinsuffizienten Patienten mit und ohne Diabetes einsetzbar und reduzieren den systolischen Blutdruck. Der nichtsteroidale Mineralokortikoidrezeptorantagonist (MRA) Finerenon wirkt bei Typ‑2-Diabetes reno- und kardioprotektiv bezüglich kardiovaskulärer Mortalität und Niereninsuffizienz. Wie bei den klassischen MRA kann es auch hier zur Hyperkaliämie in höheren CKD-Bereichen kommen. Größere Vergleichsstudien zu den klassischen MRA liegen nicht vor. Die Zulassung in Deutschland steht noch aus.

          Translated abstract

          Hypertension and diabetes often appear together and increase cardiovascular mortality. Both diseases do frequently occur in patients with a severe course of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). Data in the literature are contradictory. A surrogate effect seems to be likely since older patients do often present a severe course due to their pre-existing pathologic conditions. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors do not increase the probability of a positive test for SARS-CoV‑2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). They have no impact on the severity or mortality and must not be discontinued. Renal denervation reappears after study designs and technologies developed much further. Knowledge regarding SGLT2 (sodium glucose linked transporter 2) inhibitors has been increased enormously. The first two large randomized controlled trials with primary renal endpoints emerged and demonstrated a significantly slower progression of diabetic nephropathy postponing the initialization of chronic hemodialysis therapy by about 12 to 13 years. SGLT2 inhibitors can be used in type 2 and type 1 diabetic patients and patients with heart failure with or without diabetes. They decrease the systolic blood pressure independent of the basic blood pressure. However, this effect does not explain the improvement of cardiorenal endpoints. The nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) finerenone is protective for heart and kidneys in type 2 diabetic patients regarding cardiovascular mortality and kidney failure. As with classic MRAs hyperkalemia is seen with this substance as well, particularly in higher chronic kidney disease stages. Larger studies comparing classic MRAs do not exist. Finerenone approval in Germany is pending.

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          Most cited references35

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          Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy

          Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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            Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

            Patients with chronic kidney disease have a high risk of adverse kidney and cardiovascular outcomes. The effect of dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease, with or without type 2 diabetes, is not known.
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              Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes

              Finerenone, a nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, reduced albuminuria in short-term trials involving patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes. However, its long-term effects on kidney and cardiovascular outcomes are unknown.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                tom.lindner@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
                Journal
                Diabetologe
                Der Diabetologe
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                1860-9716
                1860-9724
                1 July 2021
                : 1-11
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.411339.d, ISNI 0000 0000 8517 9062, Fachbereich Nephrologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Endokrinologie, Nephrologie, Rheumatologie (III), , Universitätsklinikum Leipzig – AöR, ; Liebigstraße 20, 04103 Leipzig, Deutschland
                Article
                785
                10.1007/s11428-021-00785-1
                8246430
                70ad0edb-48db-4186-9e5e-e5c47954745e
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2021

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 1 June 2021
                Categories
                Leitthema

                diabetische nephropathie,bluthochdruck,covid-19,sglt-2-inhibitoren,renale denervation,diabetic nephropathy,blood pressure, high,sglt2 inhibitors,renal denervation

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