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      Trans fatty acids and their role in the milk of dairy cows Translated title: Ácidos grasos trans y su rol en la leche de vacas lecheras

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          Abstract

          E. Vargas-Bello-Pérez, and P.C. Garnsworthy. 2013. Trans fatty acids and their role in the milk of dairy cows. Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(3): 449-473. Lipids obtained from dairy products are an important part of the human diet in many countries. Approximately 75% of the total consumption of fat from ruminant animals comes from bovine milk fat. Trans fatty acids (tFA) are produced during biohydrogenation of mono- and poly-unsaturated FA in the rumen. They are mixtures of positional and geometrical isomers that are incorporated into the milk fat of lactating cows. The most important sources of tFA in the human diet are partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and ruminant milk and meat products. Ruminant-derived lipids often contain 1-8% of total fatty acids as tFA, which are predominantly 18:1 isomers. The most common FA in ruminant fat is vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11) (VA), accounting for 60-80% of total tFA. Unlike other tFA, VA can be converted to rumenic acid (RA) through the action of stearoyl coenzyme-A desaturase. Today, consumers are becoming aware of the relationship between dietary fat, health maintenance, and disease prevention. These concerns have increased the need to investigate the metabolic fate and bioactivity of dietary FA. By altering the nutrition of cows, farmers can markedly and rapidly modulate the FA composition of milk FA. The largest changes can be obtained either by feeding animals high-quality forage, particularly fresh pasture, or by adding plant or marine oils to the diet. Given that economic factors define future profits for farmers, diet manipulation may be the most practical and appropriate approach to change milk's FA composition.

          Translated abstract

          E. Vargas-Bello-Pérez y P.C. Garnsworthy. 2013. Ácidos grasos trans y su rol en la leche de vacas lecheras. Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(3): 449-473. La grasa de productos lácteos es muy importante en la dieta humana en muchos países. Aproximadamente, el 75% del consumo total de grasa de productos de rumiantes proviene de la grasa láctea. Los ácidos grasos trans (AGT) son producidos durante la hidrogenación ruminal de AG poliinsaturados. Son una mezcla de isómeros que son incorporados en la grasa láctea de vacas lactantes. La principal fuente de AGT de la dieta humana proviene de los aceites vegetales parcialmente hidrogenados y de la leche y carne de rumiantes. Usualmente los lípidos de la leche y carne de rumiantes contienen entre 1 a 8% de AGT del total de AG presentes, y en su mayoría compuestos por isómeros 18:1. El AGT más común en la grasa de rumiantes es el vaccénico (18:1 trans-11), el cual representa entre un 60 a 80% del total de AGT. A diferencia de los AGT de los aceites vegetales parcialmente hidrogenados, los AGT de rumiantes (ácido vaccénico) pueden ser convertidos en ácido ruménico a través de la enzima estearoil coenzima-A desaturasa. Actualmente, los consumidores están conscientes de la relación entre la grasa de la dieta, la salud y la prevención de enfermedades. Estas preocupaciones han motivado la necesidad de investigar el destino metabólico y la bioactividad de los AG de la dieta. Mediante la manipulación de la nutrición de la vaca lechera, los productores pueden modular y alterar la composición de la grasa láctea. Los cambios más grandes se pueden observar mediante la calidad del forraje de la dieta (pastos) o mediante la utilización de suplementos vegetales o marinos en la dieta. Dado que la factibilidad económica está definida por las ganancias de los productores, la manipulación de la dieta de la vaca lechera es la alternativa más factible y práctica para modificar la composición de la grasa láctea.

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          Most cited references165

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          Effect of feed on the composition of milk fat.

          R Grümmer (1991)
          Researchers attending the Wisconsin Milk Board 1988 Milk Fat Roundtable indicated that the ideal nutritional milk fat would contain 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids, 8% saturated fatty acids, and 82% monounsaturated fatty acids. This cannot be accomplished by modifying diets of lactating cows. Monounsaturated fatty acid (C18:1) content can be increased by 50 to 80% and may approach 50% of milk fatty acids by feeding lipids rich in 18-carbon fatty acids. Because of ruminal hydrogenation and intestinal and mammary desaturase activity, degree of unsaturation of dietary 18-carbon fatty acids is not critical in influencing milk fat C18:1. Feeding low roughage diets increases the proportion of C18:1 in milk fat, and effects of feeding low roughage diets and lipid may be additive. Palmitic acid (C16:0) content of milk fat can be reduced by 20 to 40% unless the supplemented lipid is rich in C16:0. Milk fat alteration is dependent on the level of lipid supplementation. Limited evidence indicates frequency of lipid feeding and physical form of oil (free oil vs. oilseed), and heat treatment of oilseeds has relatively little influence on modification of milk fat. Significant changes in milk fat composition can be achieved on farm via nutritional modifications.
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            Intake of fatty acids in western Europe with emphasis on trans fatty acids: the TRANSFAIR Study.

            To assess the intake of trans fatty acids (TFA) and other fatty acids in 14 Western European countries. A maximum of 100 foods per country were sampled and centrally analysed. Each country calculated the intake of individual trans and other fatty acids, clusters of fatty acids and total fat in adults and/or the total population using the best available national food consumption data set. A wide variation was observed in the intake of total fat and (clusters) of fatty acids in absolute amounts. The variation in proportion of energy derived from total fat and from clusters of fatty acids was less. Only in Finland, Italy, Norway and Portugal total fat did provide on average less than 35% of energy intake. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) provided on average between 10% and 19% of total energy intake, with the lowest contribution in most Mediterranean countries. TFA intake ranged from 0.5% (Greece, Italy) to 2.1% (Iceland) of energy intake among men and from 0.8% (Greece) to 1.9% among women (Iceland) (1.2-6.7 g/d and 1.7-4.1 g/d, respectively). The TFA intake was lowest in Mediterranean countries (0.5-0.8 en%) but was also below 1% of energy in Finland and Germany. Moderate intakes were seen in Belgium, The Netherlands, Norway and UK and highest intake in Iceland. Trans isomers of C18:1 were the most TFA in the diet. Monounsaturated fatty acids contributed 9-12% of mean daily energy intake (except for Greece, nearly 18%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids 3-7%. The current intake of TFA in most Western European countries does not appear to be a reason for major concern. In several countries a considerable proportion of energy was derived from SFA. It would therefore be prudent to reduce intake of all cholesterol-raising fatty acids, TFA included.
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              Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by Delta(9)-desaturase.

              Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a naturally occurring anticarcinogen found in milk fat and body fat of ruminants. Although CLA is an intermediate in ruminal biohydrogenation of linoleic acid, we hypothesized that its primary source was from endogenous synthesis. This would involve Delta(9)-desaturase and synthesis from trans-11 18:1, another intermediate in ruminal biohydrogenation. Our first experiment supplied lactating cows (n = 3) with trans-11 18:1 by abomasal infusion and examined the potential for endogenous synthesis by measuring changes in milk fat CLA. By d 3, infusion of trans-11 18:1 resulted in a 31% increase in concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat, demonstrating that an active pathway for endogenous synthesis of CLA exists. Our second experiment examined the quantitative importance of endogenous synthesis of CLA in lactating cows (n = 3) by abomasally infusing a putative stimulator (retinol palmitate) or an inhibitor (sterculic oil) of Delta(9)-desaturase. Infusion of retinol palmitate had no influence on milk fatty acid desaturation, and yield of CLA in milk fat was not altered. However, sterculic oil infusion decreased the concentration of CLA in milk fat by 45%. Consistent with Delta(9)-desaturase inhibition, the sterculic oil treatment also altered the milk fat concentration of other Delta(9)-desaturase products as indicated by the two- to threefold increase in the ratios of 14:0 to 14:1(,) 16:0 to 16:1 and 18:0 to cis-18:1. Using changes in the ratio of 14:0 to 14:1 as an indication of the extent of Delta(9)-desaturase inhibition with the sterculic oil treatment, an estimated 64% of the CLA in milk fat was of endogenous origin. Overall, results demonstrate that endogenous synthesis of CLA from trans-11 18:1 represented the primary source of CLA in milk fat of lactating cows.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ciagr
                Ciencia e investigación agraria
                Cienc. Inv. Agr.
                Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal (Santiago )
                0718-1620
                December 2013
                : 40
                : 3
                : 449-473
                Affiliations
                [1 ] The University of Nottingham United Kingdom
                [2 ] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Chile
                Article
                S0718-16202013000300001
                10.4067/S0718-16202013000300001
                707145ca-6ced-4d3b-a38b-a3151310cecc

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Chile

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0718-1620&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                General agriculture
                biohydrogenation,dairy cows,milk,ruminal fermentation,trans fatty acids,Ácidos grasos trans,fermentación ruminal,hidrogenación,leche,vacas lecheras

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