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      Roles of BTLA in Immunity and Immune Disorders

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          Abstract

          B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is one of the most important cosignaling molecules. It belongs to the CD28 superfamily and is similar to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) in terms of its structure and function. BTLA can be detected in most lymphocytes and induces immunosuppression by inhibiting B and T cell activation and proliferation. The BTLA ligand, herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), does not belong to the classic B7 family. Instead, it is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. The association of BTLA with HVEM directly bridges the CD28 and TNFR families and mediates broad and powerful immune effects. Recently, a large number of studies have found that BTLA participates in numerous physiopathological processes, such as tumor, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and transplantation rejection. Therefore, the present work aimed to review the existing knowledge about BTLA in immunity and summarize the diverse functions of BTLA in various immune disorders.

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          Most cited references120

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          BTLA is a lymphocyte inhibitory receptor with similarities to CTLA-4 and PD-1.

          During activation, T cells express receptors for receiving positive and negative costimulatory signals. Here we identify the B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), an immunoglobulin domain-containing glycoprotein with two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs. BTLA is not expressed by naive T cells, but it is induced during activation and remains expressed on T helper type 1 (T(H)1) but not T(H)2 cells. Crosslinking BTLA with antigen receptors induces its tyrosine phosphorylation and association with the Src homology domain 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2, and attenuates production of interleukin 2 (IL-2). BTLA-deficient T cells show increased proliferation, and BTLA-deficient mice have increased specific antibody responses and enhanced sensitivity to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. B7x, a peripheral homolog of B7, is a ligand of BTLA. Thus, BTLA is a third inhibitory receptor on T lymphocytes with similarities to cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1).
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            Next Generation Sequencing of T and B cell receptor repertoires from COVID-19 patients showed signatures associated with severity of disease

            Summary We profiled adaptive immunity in COVID-19 patients with active infection or after recovery and created a repository of currently >14 million B and T cell receptor (BCR, TCR) sequences from blood of these patients. The B cell response showed converging IGHV3-driven BCR clusters closely associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Clonality and skewing of TCR repertoires was associated with interferon type I and III responses, early CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation and counterregulation by the coreceptors BTLA, Tim-3, PD-1, TIGIT and CD73. Tfh, Th17-like and nonconventional (but not classical anti-viral) Th1 cell polarizations were induced. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses were driven by TCR clusters shared between patients with a characteristic trajectory of clonotypes and traceability over the disease course. Our data provide fundamental insight into adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 with the actively updated repository providing a resource for the scientific community urgently needed to inform therapeutic concepts and vaccine development.
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              B and T lymphocyte attenuator regulates T cell activation through interaction with herpesvirus entry mediator.

              B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) provides an inhibitory signal to B and T cells. Previously, indirect observations suggested that B7x was a ligand for BTLA. Here we show that BTLA does not bind B7x; instead, we identify herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) as the unique BTLA ligand. BTLA bound the most membrane-distal cysteine-rich domain of HVEM, distinct from regions where the ligands LIGHT and lymphotoxin-alpha bound HVEM. HVEM induced BTLA tyrosine phosphorylation and association of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and repressed antigen-driven T cell proliferation, providing an example of reverse signaling to a non-tumor necrosis factor family ligand. The conservation of the BTLA-HVEM interaction between mouse and human suggests that this system is an important pathway regulating lymphocyte activation and/or homeostasis in the immune response.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Immunol
                Front Immunol
                Front. Immunol.
                Frontiers in Immunology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-3224
                29 March 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 654960
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University , Jining, China
                [2] 2 Jining Key Laboratory of Immunology, Jining Medical University , Jining, China
                [3] 3 Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University , Jining, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Ilan Bank, Sheba Medical Center, Israel

                Reviewed by: Jose-Ignacio Rodriguez-Barbosa, Universidad de León, Spain; John R. Sedy, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, United States

                *Correspondence: Huabao Xiong, xionghbl@ 123456yahoo.com

                This article was submitted to T Cell Biology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology

                Article
                10.3389/fimmu.2021.654960
                8043046
                33859648
                6e0bed90-59a9-4d77-8ac4-5f7432d102a7
                Copyright © 2021 Ning, Liu and Xiong

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 26 January 2021
                : 12 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 120, Pages: 10, Words: 4507
                Categories
                Immunology
                Review

                Immunology
                btla,coinhibition,inflammation,cancer immunotherapy,hvem
                Immunology
                btla, coinhibition, inflammation, cancer immunotherapy, hvem

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