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      Medium-term immunogenicity of three doses of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac in Hong Kong neuromuscular disease patients

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          ABSTRACT

          The durability of the immunogenicity elicited by three doses of mRNA-based BNT162b2 and whole-virus inactivated CoronaVac in patients with neuromuscular diseases, particularly those on immunosuppressive drugs and variants of concern, has not been well-established. Our goal was to evaluate medium-term humoral immunogenicity outcomes after 3 doses of these vaccines. Peripheral blood samples were collected from participants 14–49 days and 155–210 days after administration of the third vaccine dose to assess humoral immune responses through serological assays. The immunogenicity outcomes of each patient were compared to those of three age-matched healthy control participants, ensuring a balanced comparison. Both patients that received 3 doses of BNT162b2 and 10 (90.9%) patients that received CoronaVac seroconverted against wild-type-SARS-CoV-2 virus, showing comparable antibody responses to healthy participants. After 6 months, one patient in BNT162b2 and all four patients in CoronaVac groups maintained seropositivity. The JN-1 specific binding antibody response was lower compared to wild-type virus. The use of corticosteroids did not affect seroconversion rate against wild-type virus or JN.1 variant. BNT162b2 and CoronaVac were immunogenic for neuromuscular diseases patients, maintaining durability after 6 months even for those on corticosteroids. Our data support a rapid immunization series utilizing mRNA-based and whole-virus inactivated vaccines for future pandemic.

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          Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization

          The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern Omicron (Pango lineage B.1.1.529), first identified in Botswana and South Africa, may compromise vaccine effectiveness and lead to re-infections 1 . Here we investigated Omicron escape from neutralization by antibodies from South African individuals vaccinated with Pfizer BNT162b2. We used blood samples taken soon after vaccination from individuals who were vaccinated and previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 or vaccinated with no evidence of previous infection. We isolated and sequence-confirmed live Omicron virus from an infected person and observed that Omicron requires the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to infect cells. We compared plasma neutralization of Omicron relative to an ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain and found that neutralization of ancestral virus was much higher in infected and vaccinated individuals compared with the vaccinated-only participants. However, both groups showed a 22-fold reduction in vaccine-elicited neutralization by the Omicron variant. Participants who were vaccinated and had previously been infected exhibited residual neutralization of Omicron similar to the level of neutralization of the ancestral virus observed in the vaccination-only group. These data support the notion that reasonable protection against Omicron may be maintained using vaccination approaches.
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            Ancestral SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells cross-recognize the Omicron variant

            The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern (VOC) has destabilized global efforts to control the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recent data have suggested that B.1.1.529 can readily infect people with naturally acquired or vaccine-induced immunity, facilitated in some cases by viral escape from antibodies that neutralize ancestral SARS-CoV-2. However, severe disease appears to be relatively uncommon in such individuals, highlighting a potential role for other components of the adaptive immune system. We report here that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by prior infection or BNT162b2 vaccination provide extensive immune coverage against B.1.1.529. The median relative frequencies of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ T cells that cross-recognized B.1.1.529 in previously infected or BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals were 84% and 91%, respectively, and the corresponding median relative frequencies for SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD8+ T cells were 70% and 92%, respectively. Pairwise comparisons across groups further revealed that SARS-CoV-2 spike-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were functionally and phenotypically similar in response to the ancestral strain or B.1.1.529. Collectively, our data indicate that established SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, especially after BNT162b2 vaccination, remain largely intact against B.1.1.529.
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              Neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant following homologous and heterologous CoronaVac or BNT162b2 vaccination

              The Omicron variant is rapidly becoming the dominant SARS-CoV-2 virus circulating globally. It is important to define reductions in virus neutralizing activity in the serum of convalescent or vaccinated individuals to understand potential loss of protection against infection by Omicron. We previously established that a 50% plaque reduction neutralization antibody titer (PRNT50) ≥25.6 in our live virus assay corresponded to the threshold for 50% protection from infection against wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2. Here we show markedly reduced serum antibody titers against the Omicron variant (geometric mean titer (GMT) < 10) compared to WT virus 3-5 weeks after two doses of BNT162b2 (GMT = 218.8) or CoronaVac vaccine (GMT = 32.5). A BNT162b2 booster dose elicited Omicron PRNT50 titers ≥25.6 in 88% of individuals (22 of 25) who previously received 2 doses of BNT162b2 and 80% of individuals (24 of 30) who previously received CoronaVac. However, few (3%) previously infected individuals (1 of 30) or those vaccinated with three doses of CoronaVac (1 of 30) met this threshold. Our findings suggest that countries primarily using CoronaVac vaccines should consider messenger RNA vaccine boosters in response to the spread of Omicron. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of different vaccines against the Omicron variant are urgently needed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Hum Vaccin Immunother
                Hum Vaccin Immunother
                Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
                Taylor & Francis
                2164-5515
                2164-554X
                13 November 2024
                2024
                13 November 2024
                : 20
                : 1
                : 2424615
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
                [b ]School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong; , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
                Author notes
                CONTACT Jaime S. Rosa Duque jsrduque@ 123456hku.hk Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7287-5654
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-0163
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9360-6233
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-2331
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6801-8798
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8217-5995
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4780-0289
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5292-5510
                Article
                2424615
                10.1080/21645515.2024.2424615
                11572069
                39539036
                6d1e7014-caf0-4fe4-8334-59d09fdc1f13
                © 2024 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, References: 32, Pages: 1, Words: 2847
                Categories
                Brief Report
                Coronavirus

                Molecular medicine
                bnt162b2,covid-19,coronavac,neuromuscular diseases,immunogenicity
                Molecular medicine
                bnt162b2, covid-19, coronavac, neuromuscular diseases, immunogenicity

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