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      The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies

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          Abstract

          A century ago, foundational work by Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe described a ‘pecking order’ in chicken societies, where individuals could be ordered according to their ability to exert their influence over their group-mates. Now known as dominance hierarchies, these structures have been shown to influence a plethora of individual characteristics and outcomes, situating dominance research as a pillar of the study of modern social ecology and evolution. Here, we first review some of the major questions that have been answered about dominance hierarchies in the last 100 years. Next, we introduce the contributions to this theme issue and summarize how they provide ongoing insight in the epistemology, physiology and neurobiology, hierarchical structure, and dynamics of dominance. These contributions employ the full range of research approaches available to modern biologists. Cross-cutting themes emerging from these contributions include a focus on cognitive underpinnings of dominance, the application of network-analytical approaches, and the utility of experimental rank manipulations for revealing causal relationships. Reflection on the last 100 years of dominance research reveals how Schjelderup-Ebbe's early ideas and the subsequent research helped drive a shift from an essentialist view of species characteristics to the modern recognition of rich inter-individual variation in social, behavioural and physiological phenotypes.

          This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

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          Most cited references77

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          Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems

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            Two ways to the top: evidence that dominance and prestige are distinct yet viable avenues to social rank and influence.

            The pursuit of social rank is a recurrent and pervasive challenge faced by individuals in all human societies. Yet, the precise means through which individuals compete for social standing remains unclear. In 2 studies, we investigated the impact of 2 fundamental strategies-Dominance (the use of force and intimidation to induce fear) and Prestige (the sharing of expertise or know-how to gain respect)-on the attainment of social rank, which we conceptualized as the acquisition of (a) perceived influence over others (Study 1), (b) actual influence over others' behaviors (Study 1), and (c) others' visual attention (Study 2). Study 1 examined the process of hierarchy formation among a group of previously unacquainted individuals, who provided round-robin judgments of each other after completing a group task. Results indicated that the adoption of either a Dominance or Prestige strategy promoted perceptions of greater influence, by both group members and outside observers, and higher levels of actual influence, based on a behavioral measure. These effects were not driven by popularity; in fact, those who adopted a Prestige strategy were viewed as likable, whereas those who adopted a Dominance strategy were not well liked. In Study 2, participants viewed brief video clips of group interactions from Study 1 while their gaze was monitored with an eye tracker. Dominant and Prestigious targets each received greater visual attention than targets low on either dimension. Together, these findings demonstrate that Dominance and Prestige are distinct yet viable strategies for ascending the social hierarchy, consistent with evolutionary theory.
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              Interactions, Relationships and Social Structure

              R. HINDE (1976)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Journal
                Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
                Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
                RSTB
                royptb
                Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
                The Royal Society
                0962-8436
                1471-2970
                February 28, 2022
                January 10, 2022
                January 10, 2022
                : 377
                : 1845 , Theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’ compiled and edited by Eli D. Strauss, James P. Curley, Daizaburo Shizuka and Elizabeth A. Hobson
                : 20200432
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, , Konstanz, Germany
                [ 2 ] Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, , Konstanz, Germany
                [ 3 ] School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, , Lincoln, NE, USA
                [ 4 ] Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, , Austin, TX, USA
                [ 5 ] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, , Cincinnati, OH, USA
                Author notes
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3413-1642
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5546-007X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0478-6309
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1523-6967
                Article
                rstb20200432
                10.1098/rstb.2020.0432
                8743894
                35000437
                6ac243ee-38d4-407b-ba8a-abba228a18cb
                © 2022 The Authors.

                Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : December 3, 2021
                : December 3, 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Nebraska Lincoln Postdoc of Excellence;
                Funded by: Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156;
                Award ID: Postdoctoral Fellowship
                Funded by: BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action;
                Categories
                1001
                14
                70
                60
                Introduction
                Introduction
                Custom metadata
                February 28, 2022

                Philosophy of science
                social status,social evolution,immunology,aggression,rank,social cognition
                Philosophy of science
                social status, social evolution, immunology, aggression, rank, social cognition

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