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      Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination in a sample of Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Houston residents

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          Abstract

          Background

          COVID-19 vaccination has averted a significant number of deaths in the United States, but vaccination hesitancy continues to be a problem. Therefore, examining vaccination acceptance and/or hesitancy in local communities is critical.

          Methods

          A quantitative survey and a multivariable logistic regression model was utilized to determine predictors of COVID-19 vaccination in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) origin Houston residents. The outcome of interest was COVID-19 vaccination status (vaccinated versus not vaccinated). Covariates included: demographics, health, and COVID-19 factors. Statistical analyses included SAS version 9.4 at a priori significance level of 0.05.

          Results

          The overall vaccine acceptance rate was significantly high in this population subset (N = 366), with 77.60% vaccinated, and 22.40% not vaccinated. MENA individuals with some college degrees were less likely to report vaccination than those with a graduate degree [Odds Ratio (OR): 0.18; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.04, 0.77]. Homeowners were more likely to get vaccinated than renters (OR: 2.58; 95%CI: 1.17, 5.68). Individuals practicing Islamic faith were more likely to get vaccinated than other religious affiliations (OR: 3.26; 95%CI: 1.15, 9.19). Individuals with hypertension were less likely to get vaccinated than those without it (OR: 0.34; 95%CI: 0.13, 0.92), and those with anxiety were more likely to get vaccinated than those without anxiety (OR: 4.23; 95%CI: 1.68, 10.64).

          Conclusions

          Health status, education level, financial stability, and religious affiliation are some of the determining factors that potentially influence vaccination acceptance/hesitancy among the MENA community.

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          Most cited references45

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          G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences

          G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions. It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical tests of the t, F, and chi2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses for z tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors, G*Power 3 is free.
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            The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review

            The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 1.4 million confirmed cases and over 83,000 deaths globally. It has also sparked fears of an impending economic crisis and recession. Social distancing, self-isolation and travel restrictions forced a decrease in the workforce across all economic sectors and caused many jobs to be lost. Schools have closed down, and the need of commodities and manufactured products has decreased. In contrast, the need for medical supplies has significantly increased. The food sector has also seen a great demand due to panic-buying and stockpiling of food products. In response to this global outbreak, we summarise the socio-economic effects of COVID-19 on individual aspects of the world economy.
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              COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates

              Utility of vaccine campaigns to control coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is not merely dependent on vaccine efficacy and safety. Vaccine acceptance among the general public and healthcare workers appears to have a decisive role in the successful control of the pandemic. The aim of this review was to provide an up-to-date assessment of COVID-19 vaccination acceptance rates worldwide. A systematic search of the peer-reviewed English survey literature indexed in PubMed was done on 25 December 2020. Results from 31 peer-reviewed published studies met the inclusion criteria and formed the basis for the final COVID-19 vaccine acceptance estimates. Survey studies on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were found from 33 different countries. Among adults representing the general public, the highest COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were found in Ecuador (97.0%), Malaysia (94.3%), Indonesia (93.3%) and China (91.3%). However, the lowest COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were found in Kuwait (23.6%), Jordan (28.4%), Italy (53.7), Russia (54.9%), Poland (56.3%), US (56.9%), and France (58.9%). Only eight surveys among healthcare workers (doctors and nurses) were found, with vaccine acceptance rates ranging from 27.7% in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to 78.1% in Israel. In the majority of survey studies among the general public stratified per country (29/47, 62%), the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination showed a level of ≥70%. Low rates of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance were reported in the Middle East, Russia, Africa and several European countries. This could represent a major problem in the global efforts to control the current COVID-19 pandemic. More studies are recommended to address the scope of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Such studies are particularly needed in the Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Middle and South America. Addressing the scope of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in various countries is recommended as an initial step for building trust in COVID-19 vaccination efforts.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLOS Glob Public Health
                PLOS Glob Public Health
                plos
                PLOS Global Public Health
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                2767-3375
                1 February 2023
                2023
                : 3
                : 2
                : e0001441
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
                [2 ] Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
                [3 ] William F. Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
                Muhlenberg College, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2776-5401
                Article
                PGPH-D-22-01593
                10.1371/journal.pgph.0001441
                10021233
                36962927
                6a1d56f3-e881-45fd-b3c0-e3dec5989f11
                © 2023 Atrooz et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 4 October 2022
                : 5 January 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007144, University of Houston;
                Award ID: Houston Global Health Collaborative Student Research and Service Grant
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by Houston Global Health Collaborative Student Research and Service Grant (HGHC211000) awarded to SZ and Grants to Enhance Research on Racism (Grant#000180963), awarded to SS. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
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