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      Critical Advances for Democratizing Ultrasound Diagnostics in Human and Veterinary Medicine

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          Abstract

          The democratization of ultrasound imaging refers to the process of making ultrasound technology more accessible. Traditionally, ultrasound imaging has been predominately used in specialized medical facilities by trained professionals. Advancements in technology and changes in the health-care landscape have inspired efforts to broaden the availability of ultrasound imaging to various settings such as remote and resource-limited areas. In this review, we highlight several key factors that have contributed to the ongoing democratization of ultrasound imaging, including portable and handheld devices, recent advancements in technology, and training and education. Examples of diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) imaging used in emergency and critical care, gastroenterology, musculoskeletal applications, and other practices are provided for both human and veterinary medicine. Open challenges and the future of POCUS imaging are presented, including the emerging role of artificial intelligence in technology development.

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          Most cited references111

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          Challenges in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer

          Pancreatic cancer is a growing source of cancer related death, yet has poor survival rates which have not improved in the last few decades. Its high mortality rate is attributed to pancreatic cancer biology, difficulty in early diagnosis and the lack of standardised international guidelines in assessing suspicious pancreatic masses. This review aims to provide an update in the current state of play in pancreatic cancer diagnosis and to evaluate the benefits and limitations of available diagnostic technology. The main modalities discussed are imaging with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopic ultrasound and positron emission tomography and tissue acquisition with fine needle aspiration. We also review the improvements in the techniques used for tissue acquisition and the opportunity for personalised cancer medicine. Screening of high risk individuals, promising biomarkers and common mimickers of pancreatic cancer are also explored, as well as suggestions for future research directions to allow for earlier detection of pancreatic cancer. Timely and accurate diagnosis of pancreatic cancer can lead to improvements in the current poor outcome of this disease.
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            Mechanical bioeffects of ultrasound.

            Ultrasound is used widely in medicine as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Through both thermal and nonthermal mechanisms, ultrasound can produce a variety of biological effects in tissues in vitro and in vivo. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals of key nonthermal mechanisms for the interaction of ultrasound with biological tissues. Several categories of mechanical bioeffects of ultrasound are then reviewed to provide insight on the range of ultrasound bioeffects in vivo, the relevance of these effects to diagnostic imaging, and the potential application of mechanical bioeffects to the design of new therapeutic applications of ultrasound in medicine.
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              The controlled attenuation parameter (CAP): a novel tool for the non-invasive evaluation of steatosis using Fibroscan.

              Steatosis is a reversible and benign condition. However, in a few cases, steatosis is associated with inflammation and hepatocyte changes, and is then defined as steato-hepatitis. Steatosis can also be a co-factor in many chronic liver diseases that can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Although an important parameter, until now, evaluation of steatosis by non-invasive methods has remained challenging. In this paper, we report on the use of a novel non-invasive methodology called a controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). This is based on signals acquired by the Fibroscan, which was developed to specifically assess liver steatosis concomitant to liver stiffness measurements (LSM). CAP's performance from published articles and communications is also reported. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                100883581
                22427
                Annu Rev Biomed Eng
                Annu Rev Biomed Eng
                Annual review of biomedical engineering
                1523-9829
                1545-4274
                8 July 2024
                July 2024
                20 June 2024
                11 July 2024
                : 26
                : 1
                : 49-65
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
                [2 ]Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
                [3 ]Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
                [4 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                NIHMS2007620
                10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110222-095229
                11238906
                38166185
                69a88631-67f2-44aa-963f-d62fa57d5a0d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

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                diagnostic imaging,global health,point-of-care ultrasound,ultrasound

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