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      Abdomen agudo en el embarazo Translated title: Acute abdomen in pregnancy

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          Abstract

          Objetivo. Caracterizar las pacientes embarazadas que consultaron por abdomen agudo y fueron sometidas a exploración quirúrgica, durante un periodo de cinco años en dos instituciones de tercer nivel de atención en la ciudad de Popayán, Colombia. Metodología. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo 'ambispectivo' de serie de casos, en el cual se determinaron las características sociodemográficas y clínico-quirúrgicas de las pacientes embarazadas que fueron hospitalizadas con abdomen agudo quirúrgico. Resultados. Se incluyeron 43 pacientes, con un promedio de 27 años de edad. Los síntomas clínicos más frecuentes fueron dolor abdominal (100 %) en la fosa iliaca derecha (44 %) o el cuadrante superior derecho (25 %), con vómito (46 %) y náuseas (23 %); en promedio, hubo 48 horas de evolución. La apendicitis aguda fue la enfermedad más frecuente (20/43; 46,5 %), con igual distribución en el primer y el segundo trimestres: 7 casos, respectivamente, y entre estas pacientes, se presentaron ocho complicaciones, la más frecuente fue parto prematuro (10%); seguida de colecistitis aguda (17/43; 39,5 %), la cual fue la etiología más frecuente en el tercer trimestre (8/17; 47 %); como complicaciones posoperatorias, se presentaron dos casos de parto prematuro. En el primer trimestre predominó la vía de abordaje laparoscópica, mientras que en el segundo y en el tercero predominó la abierta. Conclusiones. El abdomen agudo quirúrgico en mujeres embarazadas es ocasionado más frecuentemente por apendicitis o colecistitis aguda. En la presente serie, no hubo mortalidad materna y en el 10 % hubo pérdida de la gestación.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: To characterize pregnant patients who presented with acute abdomen and ended in surgical exploration at two third level of care institutions in Popayán, Colombia, during a five year period. Methodology: Ambispective descriptive study of a case series, determining the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the pregnant patients who were admitted with the diagnosis of acute abdomen. Results: 43 patients were included with 27 years average age. The most common clinical symptom was abdominal pain (100%) located in the right iliac fossa (44%), right upper quadrant (25%), vomit (46%), nausea (23%), with an average evolution of 48 hours. Acute appendicitis was the most frequent pathology 20/43 (46.5%), with the same distribution in the first and second trimester, 7 cases respectively, with 8 complications, the most frequent being preterm delivery (10%); the second most common pathology was acute cholecystitis 17/43 (39.5%) being most frequent in the third trimester 8/17 (47%); there were two postoperative complications, premature delivery in both cases. In the first trimester, the laparoscopic approach was predominant, while in the second and third the open approach was predominant. Conclusions: Acute abdomen in pregnancy is most often due to appendicitis and acute cholecystitis. There was no maternal mortality in our series and in 10% there was gestational loss.

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          Most cited references22

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          Non-obstetrical acute abdomen during pregnancy.

          Acute abdomen in pregnancy remains one of the most challenging diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas today. The incidence of acute abdomen during pregnancy is 1 in 500-635 pregnancies. Despite advancements in medical technology, preoperative diagnosis of acute abdominal conditions is still inaccurate. Laboratory parameters are not specific and often altered as a physiologic consequence of pregnancy. Use of laparoscopic procedures as diagnostic tools makes diagnosis of such conditions earlier, more accurate, and safer. Appendicitis is the most common cause of the acute abdomen during pregnancy, occurring with a usual frequency of 1 in 500-2000 pregnancies, which amounts to 25% of operative indications for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy. Surgical treatment is indicated in most cases, as in nonpregnant women. Laparoscopic procedures in the treatment of acute abdomen in pregnancy proved safe and accurate, and in selected groups of patients are becoming the procedures of choice with a perspective for the widening of such indications with more frequent use and subsequent optimal results. Despite these advances, laparotomy still remains the procedure of choice in complicated and uncertain cases.
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            Appendicitis in pregnancy: new information that contradicts long-held clinical beliefs.

            Our purpose was to elicit a better understanding of the presentation of acute appendicitis in pregnancy and to clarify diagnostic dilemmas reported in the literature. We retrospectively reviewed 66,993 consecutive deliveries from 1986 to 1995 by a computer program. Selected records were reviewed for gestational age; signs and symptoms at presentation; complications including preterm contractions, preterm labor, and appendiceal rupture; and histologic diagnosis of appendicitis. Of 66, 993 deliveries, 67 (0.1%) were complicated by a preoperative diagnosis of probable appendicitis. Acute appendicitis was confirmed histologically in 45 (67%) of the 67 cases, for an incidence of 1 in 1493 pregnancies in this population. Distribution of suspected appendicitis in pregnancy was as follows: first trimester, 17 cases (25%); second trimester, 27 (40%); and third trimester, 23 (34%). Right-lower-quadrant pain was the most common presenting symptom regardless of gestational age (first trimester, 12 [86%] of 14 cases; second trimester, 15 [83%] of 18 cases; and third trimester, 10 [78%] of 13 cases). The mean maximal temperature for proven appendicitis was 37.6 degrees C (35.5 degrees C-39.4 degrees C), in comparison with 37.8 degrees C (36.7 degrees C-38.9 degrees C; not significant) for those with normal histologic findings. The mean leukocyte count in patients with proven appendicitis was 16.4 x 10(9)/L (8.2-27.0 x 10(9)/L), in comparison with 14.0 x 10(9)/L (5. 9-25.0 x 10(9)/L) for patients with normal histologic findings. At the time of surgery, perforation had occurred in 8 cases. Of 23 patients at > or =24 weeks' gestational age, 19 (83%) had contractions and an additional 3 patients (13%) had preterm labor with documented cervical change. One patient was delivered in the immediate postoperative period because of abruptio placentae. Pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen is the most common presenting symptom of appendicitis in pregnancy regardless of gestational age. Fever and leukocytosis are not clear indicators of appendicitis in pregnancy and preterm labor is a problem after appendectomy, but preterm delivery is rare.
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              Surgical gastrointestinal disorders during pregnancy.

              All gastrointestinal (GI) disorders can present during pregnancy, and in fact 0.2% to 1.0% of all pregnant women require non-obstetrical general surgery. All of the clinical decision-making skills of the experienced surgeon must come into play in order to make the correct therapeutic decisions when evaluating the pregnant patient with a GI disorder that potentially requires surgery. While in general the principles of diagnosing and treating a pregnant woman with an acute surgical abdominal problem remain the same as those governing the treatment of the non-pregnant patient, some important differences are present and can pose problems. As a general rule the condition of the mother should always take priority because proper treatment of surgical diseases in the mother will usually benefit the fetus as well as the mother.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rcci
                Revista Colombiana de Cirugía
                rev. colomb. cir.
                Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                2011-7582
                June 2017
                : 32
                : 2
                : 102-108
                Affiliations
                [02] Popayán orgnameUniversidad del Cauca Colombia
                [01] Popayán orgnameUniversidad del Cauca Colombia
                Article
                S2011-75822017000200004
                69142824-2bc4-4712-a4e5-9bfc86268618

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 September 2016
                : 22 February 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Colombia


                Pregnancy,pregnancy complications,abdomen,acute,appendicitis,laparotomy,laparoscopy,embarazo,complicaciones del embarazo,abdomen agudo,apendicitis,laparotomía,laparoscopía

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