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      Miltefosina oral para el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis Translated title: Oral miltefosine to treat leishmaniasis

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          Abstract

          La pérdida de la eficacia, las dificultades para su administración y el incremento en la frecuencia y la severidad de los efectos secundarios de las sales de antimonio pentavalente han forzado la búsqueda de un medicamento que pueda remplazarlas en el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis. Los estudios adelantados con medicamentos inyectables, orales y tópicos han arrojado resultados inconsistentes y de poca utilidad en el Nuevo Mundo. Desde 1998 la hexadecilfosfocolina (miltefosina) viene siendo utilizada con éxito en India en enfermos con leishmaniasis visceral y en 1999 se iniciaron los estudios clínicos en Colombia en pacientes con leishmaniasis cutánea. A la fecha se han tratado mas de 2.500 pacientes en India (leishmaniasis visceral por L. donovani ) y Colombia (leishmaniasis cutánea por L. panamensis) y se han logrado tasas de curación superiores a 91% a la dosis recomendada de 2,5 mg / kg peso / día durante 28 días continuos, sin que haya diferencia en la respuesta entre pacientes nuevos y los que presentan fallas o recaídas después de recibir antimoniales. En Guatemala la respuesta fue de 53% ( 33% para L. braziliensis, 60% para L. mexicana) mientras que la de L. tropica en Afganistán fue de 63%. Pacientes con leishmaniasis cutánea difusa, leishmaniasis mucosa y con co-infección por HIV+, han tenido una buena respuesta inicial pero debe recordarse la tendencia a recaer que tienen estos pacientes. Entre el 35% al 60% de los pacientes presentan reacciones adversas gastrointestinales leves y 10% al 20% hacen elevación leve de transaminasas y creatinina. Miltefosina, medicamento originalmente antineoplásico que posee una potente actividad leishmanicida al interferir con vías metabólicas e inducir apoptosis, ha demostrado su eficacia en casos de leishmaniasis cutánea por L. panamensis y de leishmaniasis visceral por L. donovani; miltefosina debe ahora demostrar su eficacia contra otras especies asociadas con las diversas formas clínicas de leishmaniasis.

          Translated abstract

          Reduced efficacy, difficulties of administration and increasing frequency and severity of adverse events of pentavalent antimony have stimulated the quest for new anti-leishmanial drugs. Several clinical studies in Latin America testing injectable, oral and topical anti-leishmanial drugs have yielded inconsistent results. Since 1998 Indian researchers have conducted clinical trials evaluating hexadecylphosphocoline (miltefosine) in patients with visceral leishmaniasis and in 1999 clinical studies were initiated in Colombia in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Up to date, more than 2.500 patients have been treated with miltefosine in India (visceral by L. donovani) and Colombia (cutaneous caused by L. panamensis) obtaining cure rates over 91% when a dose of 2.5 mg / kg / day during 28 days was used, with no difference between naïve and relapsing patients. In Guatemala the overall cure rate for patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis was 53% (33% for L. braziliensis; 60% for L. mexicana) while in Afghanistan the cure rate of patients with L. tropica was 63%. Patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucosal disease and co-infected with HIV have been treated with initial success; however these diseases have frequent relapses. Mild gastrointestinal events (i.e. nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea) were present in 35 to 60% of patients included in clinical trials and 10 to 20% had a mild increase in transaminases and creatinine levels. Miltefosine, originally an antineoplastic drug, has a potent leishmanicidal activity as consequence of its interference in parasite metabolic pathways and the induction of apoptosis, has demonstrated efficacy against L. donovani visceral disease and L. panamensis cutaneous disease. Now, miltefosine must demonstrate its efficacy against other species associated with diverse clinical presentations.

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          Most cited references80

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          Miltefosine, an oral agent, for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis.

          There is no effective orally administered medication for any leishmania infection. We investigated miltefosine, which can be taken orally, for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Miltefosine is a phosphocholine analogue that affects cell-signaling pathways and membrane synthesis. The study was an open-label, multicenter, phase 2 trial in which four 30-person cohorts received 50, 100, or 150 mg of miltefosine per day for four or six weeks. The 120 patients, who ranged in age from 12 to 50 years, had anorexia, fever, and splenomegaly with at least moderate (2+) leishmania in a splenic aspirate. A parasitologic cure was defined by the absence of parasites in a splenic aspirate obtained two weeks after completion of treatment. The clinical response was assessed at six months. In all 120 patients there was an initial parasitologic cure. Six patients had clinical and parasitologic relapses; the remaining 114 patients had not relapsed by six months after treatment, for a cure rate of 95 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 89 to 98 percent). With the regimen of 100 mg of miltefosine per day (approximately 2.5 mg per kilogram of body weight per day) for four weeks, 29 of 30 patients (97 percent) were cured. Gastrointestinal side effects were frequent (occurring in 62 percent of patients) but mild to moderate in severity, and no patient discontinued therapy because of gastrointestinal side effects. In two patients, treatment was discontinued because of elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase or creatinine; in both patients the levels rapidly returned to normal. In 12 other patients, the level of aspartate aminotransferase increased to 100 to 150 U per liter during treatment. Orally administered miltefosine appears to be an effective treatment for Indian visceral leishmaniasis.
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            Manual de controle da leishmaniose tegumentar americana

            (2000)
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              Treatment failure in children in a randomized clinical trial with 10 and 20 days of meglumine antimonate for cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania viannia species.

              Clinical response to supervised treatment of Colombian patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis was evaluated in a randomized controlled trial comparing 10 days versus 20 days of treatment with meglumine antimonate (20 mg Sb/kg/day). Masked examiners evaluated clinical response defined as 100% re-epithelialization of all lesions at 13 weeks and no relapses during 52 weeks of follow-up. The efficacy of meglumine antimonate for 10 days' treatment was 61% (28 of 46) compared to 67% (24 of 36) for 20 days. There was a significantly lower clinical response for children < 5 years in both 10-day (11%) and 20-day (25%) groups compared to patients aged 5-14 years (67% and 75%, respectively) and 15 years or more (81% and 83%, respectively). Overall efficacy of treatment schedules was comparable, but lower than expected, mainly because of low efficacy in children. Pathogenicity of infection and pharmacokinetics may affect the treatment response in children. New therapeutic alternatives should be evaluated in trials that include children and women.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bio
                Biomédica
                Biomédica
                Instituto Nacional de Salud (Bogotá )
                0120-4157
                October 2006
                : 26
                : suppl 1
                : 207-217
                Affiliations
                [1 ] CIBIC, Centro de Investigaciones Bioclínicas de la Fundación FADER Colombia
                Article
                S0120-41572006000500022
                691060e3-bf02-40a5-82aa-26d969931623

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-4157&lng=en
                Categories
                TROPICAL MEDICINE

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Leishmania,leishmaniasis,leishmaniasis cutaneous,leishmaniasis visceral,terapy,leishmaniasis cutánea,terapia

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