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      La leishmaniosis cutánea en Costa Rica: prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento Translated title: Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Costa Rica: prevention, diagnosis and treatment

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          Abstract

          Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir el estado actual de la leishmaniosis en Costa Rica, profundizar en las diferentes manifestaciones clínicas y en las especies identificadas a la fecha causantes de la enfermedad, para recomendar tratamientos de acuerdo con estas, así como describir su comportamiento epidemiológico con el propósito de recomendar estrategias de prevención y control en los grupos identificados. Como fuentes de información se utilizaron la base de datos del Registro Colectivo del Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica, de 2011 a 2016 y las estimaciones de población del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. La incidencia promedio de leishmaniosis en el trienio 2005-07 fue de 35,5 casos por 100 000 y pasó a 30,5 en el trienio 2014-16. Los grupos más afectados fueron los menores de 15 años con: 44,42 casos por cien mil. En San Ramón, Guatuso, Turrialba y Talamanca las tasas de incidencia superan la tasa de incidencia promedio.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The purpose of the present research was to describe the different species of Leishmania sp. in Costa Rica so as to recommend specific treatment; also, we wish to describe the epidemiological behavior of the different species in order to suggest prevention and control strategies. Our sources were Collective Registry Data of the Ministry of Health estimates (2011 to 2016) and population data from the National Institute of Statistics and the Census. The average incidence rate from 2005 through 2007 was 35.5 cases per 100,000; the rate went down to 30.5 during the years 2011 through 2016. The most affected age group were those younger than 15 years with a rate of 44.42 per 100,000. Since 2005, the areas in which incidence rates are higher than the average national incidence rate are: San Ramón, Guatuso, Turrialba and Talamanca. Management must be carried out according to: the identified species of the parasite and also according to the experience of experts in Costa Rica. Prevention must be directed to the identified risk groups.

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          Culture-independent species typing of neotropical Leishmania for clinical validation of a PCR-based assay targeting heat shock protein 70 genes.

          PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of heat shock protein 70 genes discriminates most neotropical Leishmania species, as well as Trypanosoma cruzi. The assay, combined with capillary electrophoresis in a microchip device, may be applied directly on clinical samples with a high sensitivity, hence supporting clinical and epidemiological monitoring of leishmaniasis.
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            Miltefosine for new world cutaneous leishmaniasis.

            The oral agent miltefosine has demonstrated a >95% cure rate in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. We performed a large, placebo-controlled study of miltefosine therapy (2.5 mg/kg per day orally for 28 days) against cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia and Guatemala. In regions in Colombia where Leishmania vianna panamensis is common, the per-protocol cure rates for miltefosine and placebo were 91% (40 of 44 patients) and 38% (9 of 24). These values are similar to historic values for the antimony standard of care and placebo. In regions in Guatemala where L. v. braziliensis and L. mexicana mexicana are common, the per-protocol cure rates were 53% (20 of 38) for miltefosine and 21% (4 of 19) for placebo. The miltefosine rate was lower than historic antimony cure rates of >90%. Miltefosine was well tolerated. Miltefosine is a useful oral agent against cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. v. panamensis in Colombia but not against leishmaniasis due to L. v. braziliensis in Guatemala.
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              Diagnosis of leishmaniasis.

              Leishmaniasis is a clinically heterogeneous syndrome caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. The clinical spectrum of leishmaniasis encompasses subclinical (not apparent), localized (skin lesion), and disseminated (cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral) infection. This spectrum of manifestations depends on the immune status of the host, on the parasite, and on immunoinflammatory responses. Visceral leishmaniasis causes high morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Reliable laboratory methods become mandatory for accurate diagnosis, especially in immunocompromised patients such as those infected with HIV. In this article, we review the current state of the diagnostic tools for leishmaniasis, especially  the serological test.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                amc
                Acta Médica Costarricense
                Acta méd. costarric
                Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica (San José, San José, Costa Rica )
                0001-6012
                0001-6002
                September 2018
                : 60
                : 3
                : 103-114
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameUniversidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica
                [2] orgnameMinisterio de Salud de Costa Rica Costa Rica
                [3] orgnameMinisterio de Salud de Costa Rica orgdiv1Centro Nacional de Referencia en Parasitología. Inciensa Costa Rica
                Article
                S0001-60022018000300103
                4fc37201-8934-41a6-8d30-afcad6b7d1fc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 June 2018
                : 26 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 67, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Costa Rica


                species,Leishmaniasis,vectors,leishmaniosis,reservorios y especies de leishmania,vectores,leishmania,reservoirs

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